Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2025 Apr;29(4):338-344.
doi: 10.5005/jp-journals-10071-24932.

Incidence Risk Factors and Drug Resistance Patterns of Bacterial Isolates in Patients with Catheter-associated Urinary Tract Infections

Tushar Jha  1 , Mayuri Khaparde  1 , Tejas S Parkhe  1 , Bharat Purandare  2 , Rutika Lavate  1
Affiliations

Incidence Risk Factors and Drug Resistance Patterns of Bacterial Isolates in Patients with Catheter-associated Urinary Tract Infections

Tushar Jha et al. Indian J Crit Care Med. 2025 Apr.

Abstract

Introduction: Catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs) account for 80% of nosocomial UTIs and 40% of hospital-acquired infections, making them the most common healthcare-associated infections globally. Despite the rise of quinolone-resistant Escherichia coli and extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing gram-negative bacteria, fluoroquinolones remain a common empirical treatment. Understanding antimicrobial resistance (AMR) associated with CAUTIs is critical.

Methods: A prospective observational study was conducted from November 2023 to July 2024 at Deenanath Mangeshkar Hospital, Maharashtra, India. The study included catheterized patients in the intensive care unit (ICU) with a duration of over 48 hours showing UTI symptoms, including fever, suprapubic discomfort, urgency, or dysuria. Among 80 patients (mean age 56.75 ± 23.65 years; 53% male), bacterial isolates, resistance patterns, and risk factors were analyzed.

Results: Catheter-associated UTIs developed in 59 patients (73.75% prevalence; 83.1 per 1,000 catheter days). Patients aged over 60, hospitalized for more than 10 days, or with comorbidities like diabetes (51.3%), hypertension (HTN) (37.5%), or chronic kidney disease (10%) were at higher risk. Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae were the most common pathogens (34.14%), with gram-negative bacilli constituting 84.74% of isolates. Candida species, particularly C. tropicalis (34.78%) and C. auris (26%), were also significant.

Conclusion: This study identifies E. coli, K. pneumoniae, and Candida species as major CAUTI pathogens, with substantial multidrug resistance among gram-negative bacteria. Regular AMR surveillance and targeted infection control strategies are essential to combat CAUTI-related challenges and improve clinical outcomes.

How to cite this article: Jha T, Khaparde M, Parkhe TS, Purandare B, Lavate R. Incidence Risk Factors and Drug Resistance Patterns of Bacterial Isolates in Patients with Catheter-associated Urinary Tract Infections. Indian J Crit Care Med 2025;29(4):338-344.

Keywords: Antimicrobial resistance; Healthcare-associated infections; Nosocomial infections; Observational study.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

Source of support: Nil Conflict of interest: NoneConflict of interest: None

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Gender ratio
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Age-group
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Risk factors associated with CAUTI
Fig. 4
Fig. 4
Bacterial isolates among CAUTIs
Fig. 5
Fig. 5
Fungal isolates among CAUTIs
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

    1. Saran S, Rao NS, Azim A. Diagnosing catheter associated urinary tract infection in critically ill patients: Do the guidelines help? Indian J Crit Care Med. 2018;22:35760. doi: 10.4103/ijccm.IJCCM_434_17. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Oumer Y, Regasa Dadi B, Seid M, Biresaw G, Manilal A. Catheter-associated urinary tract infection: Incidence, associated factors and drug resistance patterns of bacterial isolates in southern Ethiopia. Infect Drug Resist. 2021;14:2883–2894. doi: 10.2147/IDR.S311229. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. D'Incau S, Atkinson A, Leitner L, Kronenberg A, Kessler TM, Marschall J. Bacterial species and antimicrobial resistance differ between catheter and non-catheter-associated urinary tract infections: Data from a national surveillance network. Antimicrob Steward Healthc Epidemiol. 2023;3(1):e55. doi: 10.1017/ash.2022.340. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . Guidelines for prevention of catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs) [online]. CDC; 2022.https://www.cdc.gov/infectioncontrol/guidelines/cauti/ Available from:
    1. Peng D, Li X, Liu P, Luo M, Chen S, Su K, et al. Epidemiology of pathogens and antimicrobial resistance of catheter-associated urinary tract infections in intensive care units: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Infect Control. 2018;46(12):e81–e90. doi: 10.1016/j.ajic.2018.07.012. Epub 2018 Aug 31. - DOI - PubMed

LinkOut - more resources