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. 2025 May;37(5):209-214.
doi: 10.1589/jpts.37.209. Epub 2025 May 1.

Effect of extension on stiffness of the teres minor muscle following extracorporeal shock wave therapy for frozen shoulder: a double-blind, randomized, controlled trial

Shoki Okawa  1 , Issei Noda  1   2 , Yuki Nariyama  1 , Soichiro Kitayama  1 , Toru Inada  2   3   4 , Shintarou Kudo  2   3
Affiliations

Effect of extension on stiffness of the teres minor muscle following extracorporeal shock wave therapy for frozen shoulder: a double-blind, randomized, controlled trial

Shoki Okawa et al. J Phys Ther Sci. 2025 May.

Abstract

[Purpose] The mechanism of action and the position and site of Radial pressure wave therapy are unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of shoulder position on muscle stiffness after radial pressure wave therapy. [Participants and Methods] This randomized, double-blind, parallel-group controlled trial included 32 orthopedic clinic participants. Using the block replacement method, patients were randomly assigned to a stretching group (IR group) or a shortening group (0 group) in a 1:1 ratio. Muscle stiffness was measured using ultrasonography (GE LOGIQ S8) with a 9 MHz linear transducer in B mode. Measurements were performed along the long axes of the teres minor, infraspinatus, and deltoid muscles. Radial pressure wave therapy were applied only to the teres minor (3.0 bar, 12 Hz, 2,000 shots). Muscle stiffness testers were blinded to the upper limb position during Radial pressure wave therapy. [Results] Teres minor muscle stiffness was significantly decreased within and between groups, and the deltoid muscle stiffness was significantly decreased within groups in the IR group. [Conclusion] Radial pressure wave therapy applied with the muscle extended reduced muscle stiffness more than Radial pressure wave therapy applied in the shortening position.

Keywords: Frozen shoulder; Radial pressure wave; Ultrasonography.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Figures

Fig. 1.
Fig. 1.
Participants flow diagram. Group IR: group internal rotation.
Fig. 2.
Fig. 2.
Ultrasound image of teres minor, infraspinatus muscle, and deltoid muscle. a: teres minor, b: infraspinatus, c: deltoid muscle.
Fig. 3.
Fig. 3.
Limb position when delivering the radial pressure wave (RPW), and the ultrasound image of the area to be irradiated RPW for each limb position. a: group 0 (shortening group): 0 degrees of shoulder flexion. b: group IR (group internal rotation) (stretching group): 90 degrees of shoulder flexion with maximum internal rotation.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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