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. 2025 Jun;20(11):1235-1247.
doi: 10.1080/17435889.2025.2501518. Epub 2025 May 7.

Fabrication, characterization, and docking studies of furosemide-loaded nanosponges using the emulsion solvent diffusion method

Rabia Liaqat  1 , Fatima Rasool  1 , Sobia Noreen  2   3 , Nadia Rai  2 , Ayesha Naseem  1 , Muhammad Hamza Shoaib  4 , Hassan Mahmood  5 , Muhammad Azeem Ashraf  6
Affiliations

Fabrication, characterization, and docking studies of furosemide-loaded nanosponges using the emulsion solvent diffusion method

Rabia Liaqat et al. Nanomedicine (Lond). 2025 Jun.

Abstract

Aims: This study aimed to fabricate, characterize, and perform molecular docking of furosemide-loaded nanosponges (NSs) using the emulsion solvent diffusion method.

Material and methods: Sustained-release NS formulations of furosemide were developed using ethylcellulose, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), and dichloromethane (DCM) via the emulsion solvent diffusion technique. The formulations were evaluated for production yield, actual drug content, entrapment efficiency, drug-polymer compatibility, surface morphology, docking study, and in vitro drug release.

Results: SEM images displayed the nanosized, spherical, porous, and spongy texture of furosemide NS. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectra showed no drug-polymer incompatibility. Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) analysis indicated an amorphous state of furosemide, while differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) suggested drug-polymer complexation. In vitro studies demonstrated sustained drug release for up to 10 h. Molecular docking supported stable interactions between furosemide and polymers. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations further revealed adequate hydrogen bonding and diffusion behavior, confirming polymer composition-dependent release and structural stability.

Conclusion: These findings indicate that furosemide-loaded NSs are a promising sustained-release delivery system capable of reducing dosing frequency and enhancing patient compliance.

Keywords: Furosemide; molecular docking; nano-sponges; nanotechnology; sustained release.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors have no relevant affiliations or financial involvement with any organization or entity with a financial interest in or financial conflict with the subject matter or materials discussed in the manuscript. This includes employment, consultancies, honoraria, stock ownership or options, expert testimony, grants or patents received or pending, or royalties.

No writing assistance was utilized in the production of this manuscript.

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