Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2025 May;45(4):e70066.
doi: 10.1002/micr.70066.

Drain Fluid Amylase as an Early Negative Predictor of Salivary Fistula Following Free Flap Reconstruction

Micah K Harris  1 , Mark Kubik  1 , Mario G Solari  2 , Kevin J Contrera  1 , Ore Odeniyi  1 , Zoey Morton  1 , Lauren Gardiner  1 , Matthew E Spector  1 , Shaum S Sridharan  1
Affiliations

Drain Fluid Amylase as an Early Negative Predictor of Salivary Fistula Following Free Flap Reconstruction

Micah K Harris et al. Microsurgery. 2025 May.

Abstract

Objectives: Salivary fistula is a known complication following head and neck free flap reconstruction involving the aerodigestive tract. We sought to examine the association between surgical drain fluid amylase and salivary fistula formation during postoperative hospitalization.

Methods: Eighty patients who underwent head and neck reconstruction involving the aerodigestive tract at our institution between 2019 and 2023 were included. Amylase concentration (IU/L) was measured from a Jackson-Pratt drain located along the mucosal closure line on postoperative days 1-5.

Results: Twelve patients (15%) developed salivary fistulas. The change in drain amylase concentration between postoperative day 1 and day 2 was found to be significantly higher in those who developed a fistula during postoperative hospitalization. A receiver operating characteristic curve found that a threshold of 15% provided a sensitivity of 58.3% and specificity of 80.6% (area under the curve 0.767) to predict salivary fistula. This threshold remained significant on multivariate analysis (odds ratio 5.35, 95% confidence interval 1.79-24.3) when controlling for prior radiation, perioperative transfusion, and total laryngectomy. When retrospectively applied to our cohort, a cutoff of 15% resulted in a positive predictive value of 35% and a negative predictive value of 91.5%.

Conclusion: Change in surgical drain fluid amylase from postoperative day 1 to 2 was associated with fistula formation following free flap reconstruction of the aerodigestive tract. Importantly, a change in amylase of < 15% from postoperative day 1 to 2 was best at identifying patients who are at low risk of developing salivary fistula during postoperative hospitalization, with a negative predictive value of 91.5%.

Keywords: amylase; fistula; free flap; head and neck reconstruction; salivary fistula.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

Shaum S. Sridharan is an Editorial Board member of Microsurgery. and a co‐author of this article. To minimize bias, they were excluded from all editorial decision‐making related to the acceptance of this article for publication.

Figures

FIGURE 1
FIGURE 1
Daily amylase levels on postoperative days 1–5. ns, not significant; POD, postoperative day.
FIGURE 2
FIGURE 2
Receiver‐operator characteristic curve for ∆POD2‐1 (%) to predict salivary fistula with an ideal threshold of 15%.
FIGURE 3
FIGURE 3
Forest plot of variables on multivariable analysis.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

    1. Ahmad, S. B. , Hodges J. C., Nassour I., et al. 2023. “The Risk of Clinically‐Relevant Pancreatic Fistula After Pancreaticoduodenectomy Is Better Predicted by a Postoperative Trend in Drain Fluid Amylase Compared to Day 1 Values in Isolation.” Surgery 174, no. 4: 916–923. 10.1016/j.surg.2023.06.009. - DOI - PubMed
    1. Aydoğan, L. B. , Kiroğlu M., Tuncer U., and Soylu L.. 2003. “The Wound Amylase Concentration in the Prediction of Pharyngocutaneous Fistula.” Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery 129, no. 4: 414–416. 10.1016/S0194-59980300714-9. - DOI - PubMed
    1. Bassi, C. , Dervenis C., Butturini G., et al. 2005. “Postoperative Pancreatic Fistula: An International Study Group (ISGPF) Definition.” Surgery 138, no. 1: 8–13. 10.1016/j.surg.2005.05.001. - DOI - PubMed
    1. Bassi, C. , Molinari E., Malleo G., et al. 2010. “Early Versus Late Drain Removal After Standard Pancreatic Resections: Results of a Prospective Randomized Trial.” Annals of Surgery 252, no. 2: 207–214. 10.1097/SLA.0b013e3181e61e88. - DOI - PubMed
    1. Carpenter, D. , Mitchell L. M., and Armour J. A.. 2017. “Copy Number Variation of Human AMY1 Is a Minor Contributor to Variation in Salivary Amylase Expression and Activity.” Human Genomics 11, no. 1: 2. 10.1186/s40246-017-0097-3. - DOI - PMC - PubMed

MeSH terms