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. 2025 May 2:23:eRW1222.
doi: 10.31744/einstein_journal/2025RW1222. eCollection 2025.

Prevalence of autoimmune diseases in patients with type 1 diabetes: a scoping review

Carlos Antonio Negrato  1 , Rebecca Zerbinatti Pereira  1 , Livia Domingos de Moraes Pimentel Porto  1 , Ylana Walleska Santos Santana  1 , Aline Kimmy Ikemoto Sato  1 , Vitor Casoto de Melo  1 , Miguel Luz Vilela Engel Vieira  1 , Marilia de Brito Gomes  2
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Prevalence of autoimmune diseases in patients with type 1 diabetes: a scoping review

Carlos Antonio Negrato et al. Einstein (Sao Paulo). .

Abstract

Objective: To evaluate the prevalence of autoimmune diseases in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus.

Methods: This scoping review was conducted following the Joanna Briggs Institute guidelines and the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) tool to ensure methodological rigor. We systematically searched PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Lilacs, and Web of Science databases to identify relevant literature published between 2018 and 2023.

Results: Twenty-four studies were included, mostly single-center studies from six continents, with varying study designs: 16 cross-sectional, seven retrospective, and one prospective cohort. The most prevalent autoimmune diseases found among patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus enrolled in these studies were autoimmune thyroiditis (5.5-41.2%), celiac disease (0.45-24.8%), rheumatoid arthritis (0.4-5.1%), and primary adrenal insufficiency (0.6-2.6%).

Conclusion: Autoimmune thyroiditis and celiac disease were the most prevalent autoimmune diseases in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus. As the complexity of managing type 1 diabetes mellitus increases in the presence of multiple autoimmune comorbidities, further studies are required to elucidate the relationship between type 1 diabetes mellitus and different autoimmune pathologies. A deeper understanding of these associations will guide the development of public health policies, screening strategies, and educational initiatives tailored to the specific needs of this population.

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Figure 1
Figure 1. Flowchart of the study identification and selection process
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