Characterising acute and chronic care needs: insights from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
- PMID: 40335470
- PMCID: PMC12059133
- DOI: 10.1038/s41467-025-56910-x
Characterising acute and chronic care needs: insights from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
Abstract
Chronic care manages long-term, progressive conditions, while acute care addresses short-term conditions. Chronic conditions increasingly strain health systems, which are often unprepared for these demands. This study examines the burden of conditions requiring acute versus chronic care, including sequelae. Conditions and sequelae from the Global Burden of Diseases Study 2019 were classified into acute or chronic care categories. Data were analysed by age, sex, and socio-demographic index, presenting total numbers and contributions to burden metrics such as Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs), Years Lived with Disability (YLD), and Years of Life Lost (YLL). Approximately 68% of DALYs were attributed to chronic care, while 27% were due to acute care. Chronic care needs increased with age, representing 86% of YLDs and 71% of YLLs, and accounting for 93% of YLDs from sequelae. These findings highlight that chronic care needs far exceed acute care needs globally, necessitating health systems to adapt accordingly.
© 2025. The Author(s).
Conflict of interest statement
Competing interests: A M Abdel-Azeem reports leadership or fiduciary roles in board, society, committee or advocacy groups, paid or unpaid with the Arab Society for Fungal Conservation as the President, the International Mycological Association on the Executive Committee, and the African Mycological Association as the President; outside the submitted work. M R M Abrigo reports stock or stock options from Diliman Doctors’ Hospital; outside the submitted work. G Addolorato reports leadership or fiduciary roles in board, society, committee or advocacy groups, paid or unpaid with the Study of Alcohol-related Liver Disease in Europe, as a committee member; outside the submitted work. S Afzal reports support for the present manuscript from King Edward Medical University for study materials, library facilities, internet, journals and e-books and other learning; payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events from King Edward Medical University and collaborative partners including the University of Johns Hopkins, University of California, University of Massachusetts, and University of Lahore; support for attending meetings and/or travel from King Edward Medical University; participation on a Data Safety Monitoring Board or Advisory Board with National Bioethics Committee Pakistan, King Edward Medical University Institutional Ethical Review Board, Ethical Review Board Fatima Jinnah Medical University and Sir Ganga Ram Hospital; leadership or fiduciary roles in board, society, committee or advocacy groups, paid or unpaid with the Pakistan Association of Medical Editors, Fellow of Faculty of Public Health Royal Colleges UK (FFPH), Society of Prevention, Advocacy and Research, King Edward Medical University (SPARK), member of Pakistan Society of Infectious Diseases; and other support from King Edward Medical University. J Alonso reports support for the present manuscript from Departament de Recerca I Universitats of the Generalitat de Catalunya (AGAUR 2021 SGR 00624). H Amare reports stock or stock options from GSK; outside the submitted work. R Ancuceanu reports consulting fees from Abbvie; payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events from Abbvie, Sandoz, B. Braun, and Laropharm; outside the submitted work. M H Antwi reports support for the present manuscript from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. The funders of the study had no role in study design; collection, analysis and interpretation of data, or writing of the report. H Ariffin reports payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events from Amgen; outside the submitted work. J Ärnlöv reports payment or honoraria for lectures from AstraZeneca and Novartis; participation on a Data Safety Monitoring Board or Advisory Board with AstraZeneca, Boerhinger Ingelheim, and Astella; outside the submitted work. A A Asadi-Pooya reports royalties or licenses from Oxford University Press; payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events from Cobel Daru; outside the submitted work. T Astell-Burt reports grants or contracts from ARC Future Fellowship, Medical Research Futures Fund, and the National Health and Medical Research Council; outside the submitted work. P Atorkey reports support for the present manuscript from the Australian College of Applied Professions and Hunter Medical Research Institute. 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M B Laurens reports grants or contracts from UM1AI148689 Infectious Diseases Clinical Research Consortium 7/1/21-11/30/23: Exposure-response evaluation of IV artesunate in children with severe malaria; DMID 19-0007 DON in Pediatric Cerebral Malaria: A Phase 1 Dose-Escalation Safety Study NIH 1U01AI155300-01A1; BioNTech 2/23-11/24, Safety, Tolerability, and Immunogenicity of an investigational mRNA-based vaccine for malaria; A Phase 3, Randomized, Stratified, Observer-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study to Evaluate the Efficacy, Safety, and Immunogenicity of mRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine in Adults Aged 18 Years and Older, NIH HHSN272201300022I, Vaccine and Treatment Evaluation Units 2 12/13/2021; Development of a CRISPR-based Rapid Diagnostic Test for Point of Care Diagnosis of Malaria, University of Maryland Medical Center Innovation Challenge; A Phase 1 Challenge Study to Evaluate Safety, Immunogenicity and Efficacy of a Malaria Vaccine (rCSP adjuvanted with GLA-LSQ), in Healthy Adults, DMID 13-0088; NIH HHSN272201300022I, Vaccine and Treatment Evaluation Units Accelerating Availability and Access to Typhoid Conjugate Vaccines (TyVAC 2.0) The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, INV-030857; outside the submitted work. M-C Li reports grants or contracts from the National Science and Technology Council, Taiwan (NSTC 112-2410-H-003-031); outside the submitted work. L-L Lim reports grants or contracts from Boehringer Ingelheim, Abbott, Zuellig Pharma, Novartis; payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events from AstraZeneca, Abbott, Boehringer Ingelheim, Novo Nordisk, Roche, Zuellig Pharma, and Servier; outside the submitted work. G Liu reports support for the present manuscript from the Lung Foundation Australia. G Lopes reports grants or contracts from the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) under the Scientific Employment Stimulus-Individual Call (CEECIND/01768/2021); outside the submitted work. G Lucchetti reports support for the present manuscript as a Grantee of the Research Productivity Scholarship – Level 1D (Medicine) - Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq), Brazil. 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A G Mathioudakis reports grant or contracts from the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR, UK) clinical lectureship, and NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre. R J Maude reports support for the present manuscript from Wellcome Trust (grant 220211) as it provides core funding for Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research. A-F A Mentis reports funding from MilkSafe: a novel pipeline to enrich formula milk using omics technologies, a research co-financed by the European Regional Development Fund of the European Union and Greek national funds through the Operational Program Competitiveness, Entrepreneurship and Innovation, under the call RESEARCH - CREATE - INNOVATE (project code: T2EDK-02222), as well as from ELIDEK (Hellenic Foundation for Research and Innovation, MIMS-860); payment or expert testimony as an external peer-reviewer for Fondazione Cariplo, Italy; leadership or fiduciary roles in board, society, committee or advocacy groups, paid or unpaid with Systematic Reviews journal as an editorial board member, Annals of Epidemiology journal and Translational Psychiatry Journal as Associate Editor; other support as a scientific officer at the BGI Group; outside the submitted work. 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J J Miranda reports grants or contracts from the Alliance for Health Policy and Systems Research (HQHSR1206660), Bloomberg Philanthropies (grant 46129, via University of North Carolina at Grant support, Chapel Hill School of Public Health), FONDECYT via CIENCIACTIVA/CONCYTE C, British Council, British Embassy and the Newton-Paulet Fund (223-2018, 224-2018), DFID/MRC/Wellcome Global Health Trials (MR/M007405/1), Fogarty International Center (R21TW009982, D71TW010877, R21TW011740), Grand Challenges Canada (0335-04), International Development Research Center Canada (IDRC 106887, 108167), Inter- American Institute for Global Change Research (IAI CRN3036), National Cancer Institute (1P20CA217231), National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (HHSN268200900033C, 5U01HL114180, 1UM1HL134590), National Institute of Mental Health (1U19MH098780), Swiss National Science Foundation (40P740-160366), UKRI BBSRC (BB/T009004/1), UKRI EPSRC (EP/V043102/1), UKRI MRC (MR/P008984/1, MR/P024408/1, MR/P02386X/1), Wellcome (074833/Z/04/Z, 093541/Z/10/Z, 103994/Z/14/Z, 107435/Z/15/Z, 205177/Z/16/Z, 214185/Z/18/Z, 218743/Z/19/Z) and the World Diabetes Foundation (WDF15-1224), and Health Action International; participation on a Data Safety Monitoring Board or Advisory Board with DSMB, Nigeria Sodium Study (NaSS) Trial Steering Committee, INTEnsive care bundle with blood pressure Reduction in Acute Cerebral hemorrhage Trial (INTERACT 3) Unpaid International Advisory Board, Latin American Brain Health institute (BrainLat), Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez (Chile) Unpaid Consultative Board, Programa de Gastronomía, Facultad de Estudios Unpaid Interdisciplinarios, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú Advisory Board, InterAmerican Heart Foundation (IAHF); leadership or fiduciary roles in board, society, committee or advocacy groups, paid or unpaid as a co-Chair of the Independent Group of Scientists (IGS), 2023 Global Sustainable Development Report, United Nations; member of the Scientific Expert Committee, Global Data Collaborative for CV Population Health, World Health Federation, Microsoft, and Novartis Foundation; member of the Scientific and Technical Advisory Committee (STAC), Alliance for Health Policy and Systems Research, World Health Organization; member of the WHO Technical Advisory Group on NCD-related Research and Innovation (TAG/RI), Noncommunicable Diseases Department, World Health Organization; member of the Advisory Scientific Committee, Instituto de Investigación Nutricional (Peru). S Mohammed reports support for the present manuscript from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. N Moka reports leadership or fiduciary roles in board, society, committee or advocacy groups, paid or unpaid with the Kentucky Society of Clinical Oncology as a treasurer; outside the submitted work. L Monasta reports support for the present manuscript from the Italian Ministry of Health to the Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italia (RC 34/2017). R S Moreira reports grants or contracts from the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development, CNPq Research Productivity Scholarship 316607/2021-5. M E Morris reports grants or contracts from the National Health and Medical Research Council Australia (NHMRC GNT1152853 2019-2023) Partnership Grant, “A public-private partnership to reduce falls in Australian hospitals”; outside the submitted work. S D Morrison reports grants or contracts from the Seattle Children’s Academic Enrichment Fund; payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events from Swedish Hospital CME honoraria; outside the submitted work. U O Mueller reports grants or contracts from the German National Cohort Study (grant #10ER2301C); outside the submitted work. B R Nascimento reports grants or contracts from CNPq (Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico Research Productivity Grant number 312382/2019-7), Edwards Lifesciences Foundation Research Grant for Global Health (Improving the Prevention and Detection of Heart Valve Disease Across the Lifespan, 2023) FAPEMIG (Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais Research Grant number APQ-000627-20; outside the submitted work. G Natarajan reports grants or contracts from the project, “Study of prevalence of chronic kidney disease of Unknown etiology among Agricultural workers of Tamilnau”, funded by Tamilnadu Health System Reform Programme, and DRAKI (Dialysis requiring Acute Kidney injury) follow-up study, funded by Indian Council of Medical research (ICMR); leadership or fiduciary roles in board, society, committee or advocacy groups, paid or unpaid with the Indian Society of Nephrology as a chairman on the scientific committee; outside the submitted work. S Nomura reports support for the present manuscript from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan (MEXT). B Norrving participation on a Data Safety Monitoring Board or Advisory Board with Simbec-Orion; outside the submitted work. F C A Obi reports leadership or fiduciary roles in board, society, committee or advocacy groups, paid or unpaid with Health Systems Global as a board member, and the African Health Economics and Policy Association as an executive team member; outside the submitted work. O O Odukoya reports grants or contracts from Fogarty International Center of the National Institutes of Health under award number K43TW010704; outside the submitted work. A Ojagbemi reports grants or contracts from the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) and Wellcome Global Health Research Partnership International Intermediate Fellowship (ref: 220684/Z/20/Z); outside the submitted work. A P Okekunle reports grants or contracts from the National Research Foundation of Korea (2020H1D3A1A04081265); outside the submitted work. O O Oladunjoye reports payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events from Pri-Med; outside the submitted work. A B Oliveira reports support for attending meetings and/or travel from the International Headache Society; outside the submitted work. A Ortiz reports grants or contracts from IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz UAM; grants from Sanofi and consultancy or speaker fees or travel support from Advicciene, Astellas, Astrazeneca, Amicus, Amgen, Boehringer Ingelheim, Fresenius Medical Care, GSK, Bayer, Sanofi-Genzyme, Menarini, Mundipharma, Kyowa Kirin, Lilly, Alexion, Freeline, Idorsia, Chiesi, Otsuka, Novo-Nordisk, Sysmex and Vifor Fresenius Medical Care Renal Pharma and is Director of the Catedra Mundipharma-UAM of diabetic kidney disease and the Catedra Astrazeneca-UAM of chronic kidney disease and electrolytes; outside the submitted work. A Otoiu reports grants or contracts from Bucharest University for Economic Studies and the European Commission: Horizon 2020; support for attending meetings and/or travel from Bucharest University for Economic Studies; outside the submitted work. P K Pal reports grants or contracts from the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Department of Science & Technology (DST)-Science and Engineering Research Board, Department of Biotechnology (DBT), DST-Cognitive Science Research Initiative, Wellcome Trust UK-India Alliance DBT, PACE scheme of BIRAC, Michael J. Fox Foundation, SKAN (Scientific Knowledge for Ageing and Neurological ailments)-Research Trust; payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events as Faculty/Speaker/Author from the International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society, and Movement Disorder Societies of Korea, Taiwan and Bangladesh; support for attending meetings and/or travel from the International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society, and Movement Disorder Societies of Korea, Taiwan and Bangladesh; leadership or fiduciary roles in board, society, committee or advocacy groups, paid or unpaid as the past President of Indian Academy of Neurology, the past Secretary of Asian and Oceanian subsection of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society (MDS-AOS), Editor-in-Chief of Annals of Indian Academy of Neurology, Co-Chair of the Education Committee of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society (IPMDS), President of the Parkinson Society of Karnataka, Chair of Infection Related Movement Disorders Study Group of MDS, member of Rare Movement Disorders Study Group of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society (IPMDS), member of Education Committee of IPMDS & IAPRD, member of Rating Scales Education and Training Program Committee of IPMDS, member of Neurophysiology Task Force of IPMDS, member of Movement Disorders in Asia Study Group, member of Post-Stroke Movement Disorders, member of Ataxia Study Group of IPMDS, member of Ataxia Global Initiative; outside the submitted work. T Palicz reports support for the present manuscript from the National Research, Development and Innovation Office in Hungary (RRF-2.3.1-21-2022-00006, Data-Driven Health Division of National Laboratory for Health Security). R Palladino reports grants or contracts from UK MS Society; payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events from Sanofi and MSD; outside the submitted work. S R Pandi-Perumal reports royalties or licenses from Springer; outside the submitted work. A E Peden reports support for the present manuscript from the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) Emerging Leadership Fellowship (APPID: APP2009306). J Perdigão reports support for the present manuscript from Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT) researching funding. R G Pestell reports grants or contracts from the National Institute of Health (NIH) (grant 1R43HL164131-01A1); support for attendance at research meetings by parent institution (Baruch S. Blumberg Institute) June 12, 2023 Melbourne Australia Immune Oncology Therapy for Breast Cancer July 20, 2023 8th World Congress on cancer research and therapy., Frankfurt, Germany AACR Annual Meeting, 2023, San Antonio breast Cancer meeting 2022; the following patents planned, issued, or pending: WO2004037983 US patent number 8,076,318; EP2399129, EU patent application no. 10744303.8 (issued in France, Germany and the UK under patent number EP2399129); US Patent application 14/090,538 (publication number 20,160,139,132; US 2012-00398-05A1; AU 2012225232 Australian issued Patent No. 2012225232; US Patent issued 9,453,836; US 10,952,415; US 16/363,981; JP 7003083; EP 2683643; US Patent 13/520,759 US Provisional Application No. 61/292,749; US Provisional Patent Application 62/183,08; US Provisional Patent Application 62/035,929; Publication Number US 20120039805 Appl no. 13/202,318; Provisional Application No. 62/948,301; Provisional Application No 63093772; Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 63/178,633; EP3947431A1; Application No. 62/286,533 U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 63/178,633; U.S. Application No. 17/167,578; U.S. Application No. 15/275,050; U.S. Application No. 16/363,981; outside the submitted work. M R Phillips reports grants or contracts from Global Alliance for Chronic Diseases- National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC. No. 81761128031), Global Alliance of Chronic Diseases/Chinese National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC, No. 81761128031), National Institute of Mental Health (grant MH108385 R01), National Institutes of Health (5RO1MH127631); outside the submitted work. C D Pond reports grants or contracts from the Valley to Coast Charitable research grants; consulting fees from the University of Sydney; Latrobe University; University of Melbourne, NSW Health, Sydney North Primary Health Network, Hunter New England Central Coast Primary Health Network, Brisbane North Primary Care Network, Royal Australian College of General Practitioners; payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events from Dementia Training Australia, Health Education Training Institute, Roche, Biogen, Palliative Care Australia; payment for expert testimony from Legal Aid NSW; support for attending meetings and/or travel from Palliative Care Australia for the WONCA Conference 2023; participation in a data safety monitoring board or advisory board with the Happi Mind Project; leadership or fiduciary roles in board, society, committee or advocacy groups, paid or unpaid with a special interest group in ageing and health, WONCA World GP Organization as a chair; outside the submitted work. M J Postma reports stock or stock options with PAG BV and Health=Ecore; outside the submitted work. N Prasad reports leadership or fiduciary roles in board, society, committee or advocacy groups, paid or unpaid with the International Society and Indian Society of Nephrology; outside the submitted work. A Radfar reports payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events from Avicenna Medical and Clinical Research Institute; outside the submitted work. V Radhakrishnan reports grants or contracts from the Conquer Cancer Foundation and St Jude Children’s Research Hospital; outside the submitted work. A Rahman reports support for the present manuscript from Charles Sturt University; leadership or fiduciary roles in board, society, committee or advocacy groups, paid or unpaid with the Australia New Zealand Regional Science Association International Inc (ANZRSAI) as the secretary of the executive council; outside the submitted work. A Riad reports support for the present manuscript from the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of the Czech Republic, NPO “Systemic Risk Institute” (project LX22NPO5101). A L P Ribeiro reports support for the present manuscript from Brazilian public research agencies, CNPq (310790/2021-2 and 465518/2014-1) and by FAPEMIG (PPM-00428-17 and RED-00081-16). Funders did not influence the content of the study. M Rodrigues reports support for the present manuscript from the Centre of Studies in Geography and Spatial Planning, funded by national funds through the Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) under the reference UIDB/04084/2020. L Ronfani reports support for the present manuscript from the Italian Ministry of Health, funding received by the Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS Burlo Garofolo (project “Ricerca Corrente 34/2017”). M Sabbatucci reports support for attending meetings and/or travel from Travel Grant Programme 2022 for Editorial Board Members from the Journal of Clinical Medicine (JCM) for conference participation; leadership or fiduciary roles in board, society, committee or advocacy groups, paid or unpaid with the Editorial Board of Journal of Clinical Medicine (JCM) as an unpaid member, the Board of the Global AMR R&D hub as an unpaid member, and GHSA (action package AMR and action package Surveillance) as an unpaid national representative; outside the submitted work. S Sacco reports grants or contracts from Novartis and Uriach; consulting fees from Novartis, Allergan-Abbvie, Teva, Lilly, Lundbeck, Pfizer, NovoNordisk, Abbott, AstraZeneca; payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events from Novartis, Allergan-Abbvie, Teva, Lilly, Lundbeck, Pfizer, NovoNordisk, Abbott, AstraZeneca; support for attending meetings/travel from Lilly, Novartis, Teva, and Lundbeck; leadership or fiduciary roles in board, society, committee or advocacy groups, paid or unpaid with the European Stroke Organization as the president elect, and the European Headache Federation as the second vice-president; receipt of equipment, materials, drugs, medical writing, gifts or other services from Allergan-Abbvie and NovoNordisk; outside the submitted work. P S¬ Sachdev reports grants or contract from the National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia and the National Institutes of Health (NIH) USA; payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events from Biogen Australia and Roche Australia; leadership or fiduciary roles in board, society, committee or advocacy groups, paid or unpaid with VASCOG Society on the executive committee; outside the submitted work. J Sanabria reports support for attending meetings and/or travel from the National Institute of Health (NIH) and the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); participation on a Data Safety Monitoring Board or Advisory Board with Quality Assessment and Assurance Department of Surgery; leadership or fiduciary roles in board, society, committee or advocacy groups, paid or unpaid with ASTS, IHPBA, AASLD, and SSAT; outside the submitted work. N Scarmeas reports grants or contracts from NovoNordisc - Local PI of recruiting site for multinational, multicenter industry sponsored phase III treatment trial for Alzheimer's disease; participation on a Data Safety Monitoring Board or Advisory Board with Albert Einstein College of Medicine (NIH funded study) as the Chair of Data Safety Monitoring Board; outside the submitted work. M P Schlaich reports grants or contracts from National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia (NHMRC) and the Medical Research Foundation RPH; payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events from Medtronic and Abbott; support for travel from Medtronic and Abbott; leadership or fiduciary roles in board, society, committee or advocacy groups, paid or unpaid with Hypertension Australia as the president; outside the submitted work. A S Shalash payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events from Movement Disorders Society; outside the submitted work. S Sharma reports grants or contracts from the International Association for the Study of Pain John J Bonica Postdoctoral Fellowship; payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events from the International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP) Congress in Toronto in 2022; support for attending meetings and/or travel from the International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP) Congress in Toronto in 2022; participation on a Data Safety Monitoring Board or Advisory Board with METEOR-2 Trial; leadership or fiduciary roles in board, society, committee or advocacy groups, paid or unpaid with the IASP Pain Mind and Movement Special Interest Group as an unpaid board member, and the Global Alliance of Partners for Pain Advocacy as a board member; all outside the submitted work. V Shivarov reports other financial support from ICON plc; outside the submitted work. S Shrestha reports other financial or non-financial support from School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia and awarded with the Graduate Research Merit Scholarship to pursue doctoral studies; outside the submitted work. L M L R Silva reports grants or contracts from project CENTRO-04-3559-FSE-000162, Fundo Social Europeu (FSE); outside the submitted work. J A Singh reports consulting fees from Crealta/Horizon, Medisys, Fidia, PK Med, Two labs Inc., Adept Field Solutions, Clinical Care options, Clearview Healthcare Partners, Putnam associates, Focus Forward, Navigant consulting, Spherix, MedIQ, Jupiter Life Science, UBM LLC, Trio Health, Medscape, WebMD, and Practice Point Communications, and the National Institutes of Health and the American College of Rheumatology; payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events from the speaker’s bureau of Simply Speaking; support for attending meetings and/or travel from the steering committee of OMERACT; participation on a Data Safety Monitoring Board or Advisory Board as a member of the FDA Arthritis Advisory Committee; leadership or fiduciary roles in board, society, committee or advocacy groups, paid or unpaid as a steering committee member of the OMERACT, with the Veteran Affairs Rheumatology Field Advisory Committee as a Chair, and with the UAB Cochrane Musculoskeletal Group Satellite Center on Network Meta-analysis as an Editor; stock or stock options in Atai Life Sciences, Kintara Therapeutics, Intelligent Biosolutions, Acumen pharmaceutical, TPT Global Tech, Vaxart Pharmaceuticals, Atyu Biopharma, Adaptimmune Therapeutics, GeoVax Labs, Pieris Pharmaceuticals, Enzolytics Inc., Seres Therapeutics, Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding Corp., and Charlotte’s Web Holdings, Inc, and previously owned stock options in Amarin, Viking, and Moderna Pharmaceuticals; all outside the submitted work. S T Skou reports grants or contracts from the European Research Council, European Union’s Horizon 2020 research innovation program, and Region Zealand; royalties or licenses from Munksgaard and TrustMe-Ed; payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events from Nestlé Health Science; other support as the co-founder of GLA:D; outside the submitted work. R Somayaji reports grants or contracts from Cystic Fibrosis Foundation, Canadian Institutes of Health Research, University of Calgary, and Vertex Pharmaceuticals; consulting fees from Phase I trial for Clarametyx Inc; payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events from Vertex Pharmaceuticals; participation on a Data Safety Monitoring Board or Advisory Board for Oncovir Inc and Cystic Fibrosis Foundation; outside the submitted work. S Song reports grants or contracts from the University of Georgia and Georgia Clinical and Translational Science Awards (CTSA) program; outside the submitted work. D J Stein reports other financial or non-financial support from Discovery Vitality, Johnson & Johnson, Kanna, L’Oreal, Lundbeck, Orion, Sanofi, Servier, Takeda and Vistagen; outside the submitted work. M A Stokes reports payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events from Stanford Neurodiversity Summit 2022 and SIKON 2022; leadership or fiduciary roles in board, society, committee or advocacy groups, paid or unpaid with The Australasian Society for Autism Research as President, Kidsafe Victoria as Vice President, and the Council of the Aged as Director; outside the submitted work. P S Suchdev reports grants or contracts from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation; outside the submitted work. J Sundström reports stock or stock options in Anagram kommunikation AB and Symptoms Europe AB; outside the submitted work. M Szócska report support for the present manuscript from the National Research, Development and Innovation office in Hungary (grant RRF-2.3.1-21-2022-00006). R Tabarés-Seisdedos reports grants or contracts from Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation, Institute of Health Carlos III (PID2021-129099OB-I00) and the GENERALITAT VALENCIANA (CIPROM/2022/58); outside the submitted work. S K Tadakamadla reports grants or contracts from the National Health and Medical Research Council Early Career Fellowship; outside the submitted work. M Tonelli reports leadership or fiduciary roles in board, society, committee or advocacy groups, paid or unpaid with the International Society of Nephrology; outside the submitted work. D R Uezono reports other financial or non-financial support from Roche (Philippines) Inc; outside the submitted work. E Upadhyay reports published patents for a system and method of reusable filters for anti-pollution mask, a system and method for electricity generation through crop stubble by using microbial fuel cells, a system for disposed personal protection equipment (PPE) into biofuel through pyrolysis and method, and a novel herbal pharmaceutical aid for formulation of gel and method thereof; leadership or fiduciary roles in board, society, committee or advocacy groups, paid or unpaid with the Indian Meteorological Society, Jaipur Chapter (India) as joint secretary and DSTPURSE Program as member secretary; outside the submitted work. H G C Van Spall reports support for the present manuscript from the Canadian Institute of Health Research. D Vervoort reports leadership or fiduciary roles in board, society, committee or advocacy groups, paid or unpaid with the Global Alliance for Rheumatic and Congenital Hearts as an unpaid board member; other financial or non-financial support from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (Vanier Canada Graduate Scholarship); outside the submitted work. Z Wang reports grants or contracts from The Fred Hollows Foundation, McGill University Global Health Scholars Program, Fonds de recherche du Québec – Santé, and the China Scholarship Council; consulting fees from The Fred Hollows Foundations; support for attending meetings and/or travel from the Graduate Mobility Award from McGill University, and The Fred Hollows Foundations; leadership or fiduciary roles in board, society, committee or advocacy groups, paid or unpaid with the Consortium of Universities for Global Health Trainee Advisory Committee; outside the submitted work. A Waris reports support for the present manuscript from Leona M. and Harry B. Helmsley Charitable Trust via the Addressing the Challenge and Constraints of Insulin Sources and Supply study. M Y Wei reports grants or contracts from the National Institutes of Health; leadership or fiduciary roles in board, society, committee or advocacy groups, paid or unpaid with the Society of General Internal Medicine on the research committee as a chair; outside the submitted work. A D Woolf reports leadership or fiduciary roles in board, society, committee or advocacy groups, paid or unpaid with the Global Alliance for Musculoskeletal Health as a co-chair; outside the submitted work. H Xu reports support for the present manuscript from National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities (NIMHD) U54MD012530; grants or contracts from the National Institute on Aging (NIA) (R21AG075228); support for attending meetings and/or travel from the National Institute on Aging (NIA) (R13AG054139). X Xu reports support for the present manuscript from the National Heart Foundation of Australia and the Scientia Program, University of New South Wales, Australia; outside the submitted work. S Zadey payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events from Think Global Health, Harvard Public Health; support for attending meetings and/or travel from Gates Foundation for IDM Symposium 2023, Lancet Commission for Commission meeting 2023, MoHFW for G-20 Youth Health Meet, New Delhi 2023 Duke University for KCMC Fieldwork 2023; participation on a Data Safety Monitoring Board or Advisory Board with Nivarana, India; leadership or fiduciary roles in board, society, committee or advocacy groups, paid or unpaid with ASAR India as a board member and G4 Alliance as a council member; outside the submitted work. F Zakaryaei reports payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events from Kurdistan University of Medical Science in 2021, the 11th International Virtual Seminar On COVID-19- Part II (SciTech CentralCOVID-19); patents planned, issued or pending: a composite fixator of nasogastric tube and Foley catheter, Iran (Patent No.104989); outside the submitted work. J-D Zeitoun reports consulting fees from Takeda and AbbVie; payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events from Boehringer Ingelheim; leadership or fiduciary roles in board, society, committee or advocacy groups, paid or unpaid with Posos; stock or stock options in Allurion; other financial or non-financial support as a founding partner at Inato; outside the submitted work. B Ziaeian reports support for the present manuscript from NHLBI grant funding and the American Heart Association (AHA); leadership or fiduciary roles in board, society, committee or advocacy groups, paid or unpaid with the AHA Guideline Committee on Performance Measures and the AHA Guideline Committee on Clinical Practice. L J Zuhlke reports support for the present manuscript from the National Research Foundation of South Africa (NRFSA), as well as the UK Medical Research Council (MRC) and the UK Department for International Development (DFID) under the MRC/DFID Concordat agreement, via the African Research Leader Award (MR/S005242/1), the South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) through its Division of Research Capacity Development under the Mid-Career Scientist Programme from funding received from the South African National Treasury (the content hereof is the sole responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official views of the SAMRC); leadership or fiduciary roles in board, society, committee or advocacy groups, paid or unpaid with the World Heart Federation, The Non-Communicable Disease Alliance, Food Forward South Africa and the Human Frontier Science Program. A Zumla reports other financial or non-financial support from the Pan African Network for Rapid Research, Response, and Preparedness for Infectious Diseases Epidemics Consortium (PANDORA-ID-NET), European and Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership the EU Horizon 2020 Framework Programme (EDCTP-RIA2016E-1609); outside the submitted work.
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