BTK inhibitors and next-generation BTK-targeted therapeutics for B-cell malignancies

Abstract

Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) is a therapeutically validated drug target. Small-molecule inhibitors of BTK have changed the treatment paradigms of multiple B-cell malignancies and evolved over three generations to overcome clinical challenges. Four drugs are now approved by the FDA, including the first-in-class drug ibrutinib and successively approved acalabrutinib, zanubrutinib, and pirtobrutinib. The third-generation drug pirtobrutinib, which binds non-covalently to BTK, is expected to overcome resistance mutations at the covalent binding Cys481 residue of the first and second-generation drugs that covalently bind to BTK. However, some newly identified non-Cys481 resistance mutations to pirtobrutinib have shown their co-resistance to some of the covalent inhibitors, and this leaves a major unmet need that is promoting the development of next-generation BTK-targeted therapeutics. More non-covalent BTK inhibitors with differentiated binding modes are under development, and the ongoing development focus of next-generation therapeutics involves new and alternative directions to target BTK using dual-binding inhibitors and degraders of BTK, as well as its allosteric inhibitors. Recent exploration of the differentiated features of BTK inhibitors in various aspects has shown the possible link between their different features and different functional and therapeutic consequences. This review summarizes the key differentiated features of the BTK inhibitors approved by the FDA and others under development to add knowledge for their therapeutic application and future development. Long-term follow-up updates of clinical outcomes of the earlier developed drugs are also included, together with direct and indirect comparisons of efficacy and safety between the different generations of drugs. The ongoing development status of next-generation BTK-targeted therapeutics is described, with a discussion on their therapeutic potential and some limitations.

Keywords: Allosteric inhibitors; BTK inhibitors; Degraders; Dual-binding inhibitors; Next-generation BTK-targeted therapeutics.