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. 2025 Apr 23:12:1549109.
doi: 10.3389/fmed.2025.1549109. eCollection 2025.

Professionalism in nursing in Ethiopia: systematic review and meta-analysis

Afework Edmealem  1 , Temesgen Ayenew  1 , Setarg Ayenew  1 , Belachew Tegegne  2 , Sewunet Ademe  2 , Dereje Esubalew  3 , Addisu Getie  1 , Tiliksew Liknaw  1
Affiliations

Professionalism in nursing in Ethiopia: systematic review and meta-analysis

Afework Edmealem et al. Front Med (Lausanne). .

Abstract

Background: In any field, professionalism is essential. A profession can fulfill its responsibilities when professionals develop their knowledge in various ways, such as continuing professional development, expanding their skill levels, adhering to the norms of the profession, and demonstrating high levels of commitment. Developing professionalism in nurses is a key strategy for improving the quality of nursing care and healthcare. However, no study has shown a comprehensive overview of professionalism in nursing in Ethiopia. Thus, this systematic review and meta-analysis aim to present a comprehensive assessment of the overall level of professionalism in nursing in Ethiopia.

Methods: The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis standard was followed in the reporting of this systematic review and meta-analysis. An extensive exploration of digital repositories, including PubMed (MEDLINE), EMBASE, Cochrane, Africa Journal of Online, Google Scholar, and an advanced Google search, was conducted to obtain published studies detailing professionalism in nursing in Ethiopia. STATA version 17 commands created the pooled estimate with a 95% confidence interval. The I2 test and Egger's test were used to identify the presence of heterogeneity and publication bias, respectively. To manage heterogeneity, a subgroup analysis and random effect model were used.

Results: A total of 11 articles with a total of 3,581 participants were included in the final systematic review and meta-analysis. The pooled estimate of professionalism in nursing in Ethiopia was 54% (95% CI: 44, 66%). In the subgroup analysis, the highest pooled estimate of professionalism in nursing was observed in South Ethiopia, which is 64% (95% CI: 43-86%).

Conclusion: The level of professionalism in nursing in Ethiopia is suboptimal. Being female, having a higher educational level, having long years of experience, having a low workload, having favorable job satisfaction, being a member of a nursing organization, having a good working environment, working in non-stressful units, and having a good organizational culture were the major factors that had a positive association with professionalism in nursing. Therefore, healthcare professionals, the Ministry of Health, and other stakeholders should focus on interventions to enhance the organizational culture, job satisfaction, working unit, and working schedule for nurses.

Keywords: Ethiopia; caring behavior; factors; nurses; nursing; professionalism in nursing.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
PRISMA flow diagram shows study selection for meta-analysis professionalism in nursing in Ethiopia, 2024.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Funnel plot to see the presence of publication bias, 2024.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Forest plot depicting the pooled prevalence of professionalism in nursing in Ethiopia, 2024.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Subgroup analysis to minimize heterogeneity of included studies, 2024.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Leave-one-out meta-analysis to observe the influence of each study on the pooled effect size of professionalism in nursing, 2024.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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