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. 2024 May 23;55(4):1091-1110.
doi: 10.1080/03036758.2024.2353737. eCollection 2025.

Optimal deployment of dynamic wireless charging infrastructure for battery electric buses - a case study in Auckland, New Zealand

Bo Du  1 , Ajith Viswanath Sreenivasan  2 , Mingyue Selena Sheng  2 , Prakash Ranjitkar  3 , Le Wen  2 , Basil Sharp  2 , Andrea Raith  4
Affiliations

Optimal deployment of dynamic wireless charging infrastructure for battery electric buses - a case study in Auckland, New Zealand

Bo Du et al. J R Soc N Z. .

Abstract

Inductive power transfer (IPT) systems offer a promising solution to multiple major hurdles associated with electric vehicles, such as the lack of widespread charging infrastructure, driving range anxiety, and significant charging time. With the aid of IPT systems, dynamic wireless charging enables electric vehicles to be charged when running over the IPT power pads. The objective of this study is to minimise the overall cost of charging infrastructure by optimising the deployment of IPT transmitters and the battery size required to support charging for electric buses. A mixed-integer linear programming model is proposed and solved using the commercial solver Gurobi. Bus route information and the characteristics of electric buses, such as weight, drag coefficient and frontal area, are used as input to run the traffic simulation in SUMO to get time-varying velocity and acceleration data during bus operations. A bus route in Auckland, New Zealand, is used as a case study in the presented numerical experiments. A strong correlation between the velocity of the bus and the state of charge is identified. The largest cost component is the charging pad, followed by the battery.

Keywords: Electric vehicle; charging lane; dynamic charging; electric bus; optimisation; simulation.

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Conflict of interest statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Figures

Figure 1.
Figure 1.
The framework of the proposed approach.
Figure 2.
Figure 2.
Bus Route – 70 in Auckland, New Zealand. (source: Auckland Transport, https://at.govt.nz/media/1974425/route-70-botany-to-britomart-via-panmure.pdf).
Figure 3.
Figure 3.
Map of the study area in SUMO simulation.
Figure 4.
Figure 4.
Bus speed profile based on simulation.
Figure 5.
Figure 5.
Comparison of different costs at different power levels.
Figure 6.
Figure 6.
Comparison of different costs with different planning horizons.
Figure 7.
Figure 7.
Comparison of different costs with different traffic conditions.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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