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Review
. 2025 May;32(21):12896-12912.
doi: 10.1007/s11356-025-36444-x. Epub 2025 May 8.

Biofouling controls using air bubbles-a review of various applications

Mohd Danial Ibrahim  1   2 , Groffer Nyelang  3 , Dayang Salyani Abang Mahmod  4 , Aidil Asli Alias  3 , Yuta Sunami  5
Affiliations
Review

Biofouling controls using air bubbles-a review of various applications

Mohd Danial Ibrahim et al. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2025 May.

Abstract

Biofouling poses a significant challenge in aquatic, marine, and maritime settings, leading to increased corrosion rates and functional impairments of structures and equipment. Conventional fouling control methods have limitations, prompting the exploration of unconventional approaches to manage biofouling and enhance corrosion resistance. This paper presents a review of employing air bubbles for fouling control in various applications, with a particular focus on marine industries and ecological considerations. By comparing different fouling control techniques, including the use of air bubbles, the paper offers valuable insights into their effectiveness and applicability. Suggestions for future research to develop more efficient techniques for biofouling control using air bubbles are also discussed. This review aims to contribute to the advancement of fouling control strategies and their impact on biofouling characteristics and mitigation efforts.

Keywords: Air bubble; Biofouling characteristics; Biofouling control; Fouling technique.

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Conflict of interest statement

Declarations. Ethical approval: Not applicable. Consent to participate: Not applicable. Consent to publish: Not applicable. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests. Human and animal rights: Not applicable.

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