. 2025 May 1;8(5):e259205.

doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2025.9205.

Maternal Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Pregnancy and Offspring Blood Pressure at Age 2 to 18 Years

Zhongzheng Niu^{1

2}, Ako Adams Ako³, Sarah Dee Geiger⁴, Caitlin G Howe⁵, Wei Perng⁶, Rachana Singh⁷, Margaret R Karagas⁵, Amy J Elliott⁸, Andrea Cassidy-Bushrow^{9

10}, Carlos A Camargo¹¹, Keia Sanderson¹², Cynthia T McEvoy¹³, Emily Oken¹⁴, Dana Dabelea⁶, Tina V Hartert¹⁵, Brian Carter¹⁶, Annemarie Stroustrup¹⁷, Andrea Lampland¹⁸, Thomas G O'Connor¹⁹, Semsa Gogcu²⁰, Mark L Hudak²¹, Lyndsey E Shorey-Kendrick¹³, Qi Zhao²², Yu Ni^{23

24}, Jeffrey VanWormer²⁵, Assiamira Ferrara²⁶, Monique Hedderson²⁶, Yeyi Zhu²⁶, Akram Alshawabkeh²⁷, Jose Cordero²⁸, Daphne Koinis-Mitchell²⁹, Susan Carnell³⁰, Carrie V Breton¹, Theresa M Bastain¹, Shohreh F Farzan¹; ECHO Cohort Consortium

Collaborators, Affiliations

Collaborators

ECHO Cohort Consortium:
P Brian Smith, L Kristin Newby, Linda Adair, Lisa P Jacobson, Diane Catellier, Monica McGrath, Christian Douglas, Priya Duggal, Emily Knapp, Amii Kress, Courtney K Blackwell, Maxwell A Mansolf, Jin-Shei Lai, Emily Ho, David Cella, Richard Gershon, Michelle L Macy, Suman R Das, Jane E Freedman, Simon A Mallal, John A McLean, Ravi V Shah, Meghan H Shilts, John Meeker, Leonardo Trasande, Kohei Hasegawa, Zhaozhong Zhu, Ashley F Sullivan, Traci A Bekelman, Greta Wilkening, Sheryl Magzamen, Brianna F Moore, Anne P Starling, Deborah J Rinehart, Viren D'Sa, Sean C L Deoni, Hans-Georg Mueller, Cristiane S Duarte, Catherine Monk, Glorisa Canino, Jonathan Posner, Tenneill Murray, Claudia Lugo-Candelas, Anne L Dunlop, Patricia A Brennan, Christine Hockett, Lisa A Croen, John Ainsworth, Leonard B Bacharier, Casper G Bendixsen, James E Gern, Diane R Gold, Daniel J Jackson, Christine C Johnson, Christine L M Joseph, Meyer Kattan, Gurjit K Khurana Hershey, Robert F Lemanske Jr, Susan V Lynch, Rachel L Miller, Carole Ober, Dennis Ownby, Katherine Rivera-Spoljaric, Patrick H Ryan, Christine M Seroogy, Anne Marie Singh, Robert A Wood, Edward M Zoratti, Rima Habre, Shohreh Farzan, Frank D Gilliland, Irva Hertz-Picciotto, Deborah H Bennett, Julie B Schweitzer, Rebecca J Schmidt, Janine M LaSalle, Alison E Hipwell, Catherine J Karr, Nicole R Bush, Kaja Z LeWinn, Sheela Sathyanarayana, Frances Tylavsky, Kecia N Carroll, Christine T Loftus, Leslie D Leve, Jody M Ganiban, Jenae M Neiderhiser, Scott T Weiss, Augusto A Litonjua, Eliot R Spindel, Robert S Tepper, Craig J Newschaffer, Kristen Lyall, Heather E Volk, Rebecca Landa, Sally Ozonoff, Joseph Piven, Heather Hazlett, Juhi Pandey, Robert Schultz, Steven Dager, Kelly Botteron, Daniel Messinger, Wendy Stone, Jennifer Ames, Thomas G O'Connor, Richard K Miller, Michele R Hacker, Tamarra James-Todd, T Michael O'Shea Jr, Rebecca C Fry, Jean A Frazier, Caitlin Rollins, Angela Montgomery, Ruben Vaidya, Robert M Joseph, Lisa K Washburn, Kelly Bear, Julie V Rollins, Stephen R Hooper, Genevieve Taylor, Wesley Jackson, Amanda Thompson, Julie Daniels, Michelle Hernandez, Kun Lu, Michael Msall, Madeleine Lenski, Rawad Obeid, Steven L Pastyrnak, Elizabeth Jensen, Christina Sakai, Hudson Santos, Jean M Kerver, Nigel Paneth, Charles J Barone 2nd, Michael R Elliott, Douglas M Ruden, Chris Fussman, Julie B Herbstman, Amy Margolis, Susan L Schantz, Andrea Aguiar, Karen Tabb, Rita Strakovsky, Tracey Woodruff, Rachel Morello-Frosch, Amy Padula, Joseph B Stanford, Christina A Porucznik, Angelo P Giardino, Rosalind J Wright, Robert O Wright, Brent Collett, Nicole Baumann-Blackmore, Ronald Gangnon, Chris G McKennan, Jo Wilson, Matt Altman, Judy L Aschner, Stephanie L Merhar, Paul E Moore, Gloria S Pryhuber, Ann Marie Reynolds Lyndaker, Burton Rochelson, Sophia Jan, Matthew J Blitz, Michelle W Katzow, Zenobia Brown, Codruta Chiuzan, Timothy Rafael, Dawnette Lewis, Natalie Meirowitz, Brenda Poindexter, Tebeb Gebretsadik, Sarah Osmundson, Jennifer K Straughen, Amy Eapen, Ganesa Wegienka, Alex Sitarik, Kim Woodcroft, Audrey Urquhart, Albert Levin, Tisa Johnson-Hooper, Brent Davidson, Tengfei Ma, Emily S Barrett, Martin J Blaser, Maria Gloria Dominguez-Bello, Daniel B Horton, Manuel Jimenez, Todd Rosen, Kristy Palomares, Lyndsay A Avalos, Kelly J Hunt, Roger B Newman, Michael S Bloom, Mallory H Alkis, James R Roberts, Sunni L Mumford, Heather H Burris, Sara B DeMauro, Lynn M Yee, Aaron Hamvas, Antonia F Olidipo, Andrew S Haddad, Lisa R Eiland, Nicole T Spillane, Kirin N Suri, Stephanie A Fisher, Jeffrey A Goldstein, Leena B Mithal, Raye-Ann O DeRegnier, Nathalie L Maitre, Ruby H N Nguyen, Meghan M JaKa, Abbey C Sidebottom, Michael J Paidas, JoNell E Potter, Natale Ruby, Lunthita Duthely, Arumugam Jayakumar, Karen Young, Isabel Maldonado, Meghan Miller, Jonathan L Slaughter, Sarah A Keim, Courtney D Lynch, Kartik K Venkatesh, Kristina W Whitworth, Elaine Symanski, Thomas F Northrup, Hector Mendez-Figueroa, Ricardo A Mosquera, Juliette C Madan, Debra M MacKenzie, Johnnye L Lewis, Brandon J Rennie, Bennett L Leventhal, Young Shin Kim, Somer Bishop, Sara S Nozadi, Li Luo, Barry M Lester, Carmen J Marsit, Todd Everson, Cynthia M Loncar, Elisabeth C McGowan, Stephen J Sheinkopf, Jennifer Check, Jennifer B Helderman, Charles R Neal, Lynne M Smith

Affiliations

¹ Division of Environmental Health, Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles.
² Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Health Professions, State University of New York at Buffalo.
³ Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital at Montefiore, Bronx, New York.
⁴ Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign.
⁵ Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, New Hampshire.
⁶ Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora.
⁷ Department of Pediatrics, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts.
⁸ Avera Research Institute, Sioux Falls, South Dakota.
⁹ Department of Public Health Sciences, Henry Ford Health, Detroit, Michigan.
¹⁰ Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing.
¹¹ Department of Emergency Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston.
¹² Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
¹³ Department of Pediatrics, Papé Pediatric Research Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland.
¹⁴ Division of Chronic Disease Research Across the Lifecourse, Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.
¹⁵ Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee.
¹⁶ Department of Pediatrics-Neonatology, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, Missouri.
¹⁷ Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Cohen Children's Medical Center at Northwell Health, New York, New York.
¹⁸ Department of Neonatology, Children's Minnesota, St Paul.
¹⁹ Department of Psychiatry, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York.
²⁰ Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina.
²¹ Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville.
²² Department of Preventative Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis.
²³ Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle.
²⁴ School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, California.
²⁵ Marshfield Clinic Research Institute, Marshfield, Wisconsin.
²⁶ Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Pleasanton, California.
²⁷ Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts.
²⁸ Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens.
²⁹ Departments of Pediatrics and Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island.
³⁰ Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.

PMID: 40338548
PMCID: PMC12062903
DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2025.9205

Maternal Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Pregnancy and Offspring Blood Pressure at Age 2 to 18 Years

Zhongzheng Niu et al. JAMA Netw Open. 2025.

. 2025 May 1;8(5):e259205.

doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2025.9205.

Authors

Collaborators

ECHO Cohort Consortium:
P Brian Smith, L Kristin Newby, Linda Adair, Lisa P Jacobson, Diane Catellier, Monica McGrath, Christian Douglas, Priya Duggal, Emily Knapp, Amii Kress, Courtney K Blackwell, Maxwell A Mansolf, Jin-Shei Lai, Emily Ho, David Cella, Richard Gershon, Michelle L Macy, Suman R Das, Jane E Freedman, Simon A Mallal, John A McLean, Ravi V Shah, Meghan H Shilts, John Meeker, Leonardo Trasande, Kohei Hasegawa, Zhaozhong Zhu, Ashley F Sullivan, Traci A Bekelman, Greta Wilkening, Sheryl Magzamen, Brianna F Moore, Anne P Starling, Deborah J Rinehart, Viren D'Sa, Sean C L Deoni, Hans-Georg Mueller, Cristiane S Duarte, Catherine Monk, Glorisa Canino, Jonathan Posner, Tenneill Murray, Claudia Lugo-Candelas, Anne L Dunlop, Patricia A Brennan, Christine Hockett, Lisa A Croen, John Ainsworth, Leonard B Bacharier, Casper G Bendixsen, James E Gern, Diane R Gold, Daniel J Jackson, Christine C Johnson, Christine L M Joseph, Meyer Kattan, Gurjit K Khurana Hershey, Robert F Lemanske Jr, Susan V Lynch, Rachel L Miller, Carole Ober, Dennis Ownby, Katherine Rivera-Spoljaric, Patrick H Ryan, Christine M Seroogy, Anne Marie Singh, Robert A Wood, Edward M Zoratti, Rima Habre, Shohreh Farzan, Frank D Gilliland, Irva Hertz-Picciotto, Deborah H Bennett, Julie B Schweitzer, Rebecca J Schmidt, Janine M LaSalle, Alison E Hipwell, Catherine J Karr, Nicole R Bush, Kaja Z LeWinn, Sheela Sathyanarayana, Frances Tylavsky, Kecia N Carroll, Christine T Loftus, Leslie D Leve, Jody M Ganiban, Jenae M Neiderhiser, Scott T Weiss, Augusto A Litonjua, Eliot R Spindel, Robert S Tepper, Craig J Newschaffer, Kristen Lyall, Heather E Volk, Rebecca Landa, Sally Ozonoff, Joseph Piven, Heather Hazlett, Juhi Pandey, Robert Schultz, Steven Dager, Kelly Botteron, Daniel Messinger, Wendy Stone, Jennifer Ames, Thomas G O'Connor, Richard K Miller, Michele R Hacker, Tamarra James-Todd, T Michael O'Shea Jr, Rebecca C Fry, Jean A Frazier, Caitlin Rollins, Angela Montgomery, Ruben Vaidya, Robert M Joseph, Lisa K Washburn, Kelly Bear, Julie V Rollins, Stephen R Hooper, Genevieve Taylor, Wesley Jackson, Amanda Thompson, Julie Daniels, Michelle Hernandez, Kun Lu, Michael Msall, Madeleine Lenski, Rawad Obeid, Steven L Pastyrnak, Elizabeth Jensen, Christina Sakai, Hudson Santos, Jean M Kerver, Nigel Paneth, Charles J Barone 2nd, Michael R Elliott, Douglas M Ruden, Chris Fussman, Julie B Herbstman, Amy Margolis, Susan L Schantz, Andrea Aguiar, Karen Tabb, Rita Strakovsky, Tracey Woodruff, Rachel Morello-Frosch, Amy Padula, Joseph B Stanford, Christina A Porucznik, Angelo P Giardino, Rosalind J Wright, Robert O Wright, Brent Collett, Nicole Baumann-Blackmore, Ronald Gangnon, Chris G McKennan, Jo Wilson, Matt Altman, Judy L Aschner, Stephanie L Merhar, Paul E Moore, Gloria S Pryhuber, Ann Marie Reynolds Lyndaker, Burton Rochelson, Sophia Jan, Matthew J Blitz, Michelle W Katzow, Zenobia Brown, Codruta Chiuzan, Timothy Rafael, Dawnette Lewis, Natalie Meirowitz, Brenda Poindexter, Tebeb Gebretsadik, Sarah Osmundson, Jennifer K Straughen, Amy Eapen, Ganesa Wegienka, Alex Sitarik, Kim Woodcroft, Audrey Urquhart, Albert Levin, Tisa Johnson-Hooper, Brent Davidson, Tengfei Ma, Emily S Barrett, Martin J Blaser, Maria Gloria Dominguez-Bello, Daniel B Horton, Manuel Jimenez, Todd Rosen, Kristy Palomares, Lyndsay A Avalos, Kelly J Hunt, Roger B Newman, Michael S Bloom, Mallory H Alkis, James R Roberts, Sunni L Mumford, Heather H Burris, Sara B DeMauro, Lynn M Yee, Aaron Hamvas, Antonia F Olidipo, Andrew S Haddad, Lisa R Eiland, Nicole T Spillane, Kirin N Suri, Stephanie A Fisher, Jeffrey A Goldstein, Leena B Mithal, Raye-Ann O DeRegnier, Nathalie L Maitre, Ruby H N Nguyen, Meghan M JaKa, Abbey C Sidebottom, Michael J Paidas, JoNell E Potter, Natale Ruby, Lunthita Duthely, Arumugam Jayakumar, Karen Young, Isabel Maldonado, Meghan Miller, Jonathan L Slaughter, Sarah A Keim, Courtney D Lynch, Kartik K Venkatesh, Kristina W Whitworth, Elaine Symanski, Thomas F Northrup, Hector Mendez-Figueroa, Ricardo A Mosquera, Juliette C Madan, Debra M MacKenzie, Johnnye L Lewis, Brandon J Rennie, Bennett L Leventhal, Young Shin Kim, Somer Bishop, Sara S Nozadi, Li Luo, Barry M Lester, Carmen J Marsit, Todd Everson, Cynthia M Loncar, Elisabeth C McGowan, Stephen J Sheinkopf, Jennifer Check, Jennifer B Helderman, Charles R Neal, Lynne M Smith

Affiliations

¹ Division of Environmental Health, Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles.
² Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Health Professions, State University of New York at Buffalo.
³ Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital at Montefiore, Bronx, New York.
⁴ Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign.
⁵ Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, New Hampshire.
⁶ Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora.
⁷ Department of Pediatrics, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts.
⁸ Avera Research Institute, Sioux Falls, South Dakota.
⁹ Department of Public Health Sciences, Henry Ford Health, Detroit, Michigan.
¹⁰ Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing.
¹¹ Department of Emergency Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston.
¹² Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
¹³ Department of Pediatrics, Papé Pediatric Research Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland.
¹⁴ Division of Chronic Disease Research Across the Lifecourse, Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.
¹⁵ Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee.
¹⁶ Department of Pediatrics-Neonatology, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, Missouri.
¹⁷ Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Cohen Children's Medical Center at Northwell Health, New York, New York.
¹⁸ Department of Neonatology, Children's Minnesota, St Paul.
¹⁹ Department of Psychiatry, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York.
²⁰ Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina.
²¹ Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville.
²² Department of Preventative Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis.
²³ Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle.
²⁴ School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, California.
²⁵ Marshfield Clinic Research Institute, Marshfield, Wisconsin.
²⁶ Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Pleasanton, California.
²⁷ Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts.
²⁸ Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens.
²⁹ Departments of Pediatrics and Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island.
³⁰ Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.

PMID: 40338548
PMCID: PMC12062903
DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2025.9205

Abstract

Importance: Higher blood pressure in early life may signal cardiovascular disease over the life course, but determinants of blood pressure in early life are poorly understood.

Objective: To examine the association of maternal cardiometabolic risk factors during pregnancy with offspring blood pressure from age 2 to 18 years and explore whether the association is modified by offspring sex and race and ethnicity.

Design, setting, and participants: This cohort study analyzed data from the Environmental Influences on Child Health Outcomes program between January 1, 1994, and March 31, 2023. Three common maternal cardiometabolic risk factors during pregnancy were examined: prepregnancy obesity, gestational diabetes, and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP).

Exposure: Maternal cardiometabolic risk factors were retrieved and harmonized from medical records and questionnaires.

Main outcomes and measures: Offspring systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) percentiles adjusted for age, sex, and height were calculated.

Results: Among 12 480 mother-offspring pairs (mean [SD] maternal age during pregnancy, 29.9 [6.4] years; 856 of 12 303 identifying as Asian [7.0%]; 1908 as Black [15.5%]; 2305 as Hispanic [18.7%]; 6522 as White [52.3%], and 712 as other [5.8%] race and ethnicity), at least 1 maternal cardiometabolic risk factor was present in 5537 (44.4%), with prepregnancy obesity being the most prevalent (3072 [24.6%]), followed by HDP (1693 [13.6%]) and gestational diabetes (805 [6.5%]). Offspring born to mothers with any cardiometabolic risk factors had higher SBP (4.88 percentile points; 95% CI, 3.97-5.82 percentile points) and higher DBP (1.90 percentile points; 95% CI, 1.15-2.64 percentile points) at their first blood pressure measurement, after adjusting for potential confounders, compared with their counterparts without any risk factors. Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, alone or with either prepregnancy obesity or gestational diabetes, was significantly associated with higher offspring blood pressure. These associations were generally more significant among female compared with male offspring and among Black compared with other racial and ethnic groups. Among 6015 offspring who had 2 or more blood pressure measures, maternal cardiometabolic risk factors were associated with an increased rate of blood pressure change from age 2 to 18 years (SBP percentile, 0.5 [95% CI, 0.2-0.8] per year; DBP percentile, 0.7 [95% CI 0.5-1.0] per year).

Conclusions and relevance: These findings suggest that protecting pregnant individuals from cardiometabolic risk factors may promote healthier blood pressure in the next generation.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

Conflict of Interest Disclosures: Drs Howe, Singh, Elliott, McEvoy, Oken, Alshawabkeh, Bastain, and Farzan and Prof Camargo reported receiving grants from the National Institutes of Health (NIH) during the conduct of the study. Dr Hartert reported receiving grants from NIH; personal fees from the American Thoracic Society, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, the Parker B. Francis Council of Scientific Advisors, and Pfizer; and a speaker’s honorarium from the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology outside the submitted work. Dr VanWormer reported receiving grants from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases during the conduct of the study. Dr Cordero reported receiving grants from NIH during the conduct of the study and grants from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention outside the submitted work. Dr Carnell reported receiving grants from NIH during the conduct of the study and grants from Eli Lilly outside the submitted work. No other disclosures were reported.

Figures

**Figure 1.. Linear Model With Effect Modification by Offspring Sex**
The model was adjusted for maternal age, race and ethnicity, education, income, marital status, parity, and smoking during pregnancy. DBP indicates diastolic blood pressure; HDP, hypertensive disorders of pregnancy; obesity, prepregnancy obesity; SBP, systolic blood pressure.

**Figure 2.. Linear Model With Effect Modification by Race and Ethnicity**
The model was adjusted for maternal age, education, income, marital status, parity, and smoking during pregnancy. DBP indicates diastolic blood pressure; HDP, hypertensive disorders of pregnancy; obesity, prepregnancy obesity; SBP, systolic blood pressure.

See this image and copyright information in PMC

Comment in

doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2025.9214

References

1. Yang L, Magnussen CG, Yang L, Bovet P, Xi B. Elevated blood pressure in childhood or adolescence and cardiovascular outcomes in adulthood: a systematic review. Hypertension. 2020;75(4):948-955. doi:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.119.14168 - DOI - PubMed
1. Allen NB, Siddique J, Wilkins JT, et al. . Blood pressure trajectories in early adulthood and subclinical atherosclerosis in middle age. JAMA. 2014;311(5):490-497. doi:10.1001/jama.2013.285122 - DOI - PMC - PubMed
1. Robinson CH, Hussain J, Jeyakumar N, et al. . Long-term cardiovascular outcomes in children and adolescents with hypertension. JAMA Pediatr. 2024;178(7):688-698. doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2024.1543 - DOI - PMC - PubMed
1. Zhang Y, Li H, Liu SJ, et al. . The associations of high birth weight with blood pressure and hypertension in later life: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hypertens Res. 2013;36(8):725-735. doi:10.1038/hr.2013.33 - DOI - PubMed
1. Huxley RR, Shiell AW, Law CM. The role of size at birth and postnatal catch-up growth in determining systolic blood pressure: a systematic review of the literature. J Hypertens. 2000;18(7):815-831. doi:10.1097/00004872-200018070-00002 - DOI - PubMed

Publication types

Actions

MeSH terms

Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions

Grants and funding

LinkOut - more resources

Full Text Sources
Medical
- MedlinePlus Health Information

Save citation to file

Email citation

Add to Collections

Add to My Bibliography

Your saved search

Create a file for external citation management software

Your RSS Feed

Maternal Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Pregnancy and Offspring Blood Pressure at Age 2 to 18 Years

Collaborators

Affiliations

Maternal Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Pregnancy and Offspring Blood Pressure at Age 2 to 18 Years

Authors

Collaborators

Affiliations

Abstract

Conflict of interest statement

Figures

Comment in

References

Publication types

MeSH terms

Grants and funding

LinkOut - more resources

Full Text Sources

Medical