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. 2025 May 8;13(1):484.
doi: 10.1186/s40359-025-02769-y.

Social networking sites use and life satisfaction: a moderated mediation model of e-health literacy, fatigue, uncertainty, and stress

Saeed Pahlevan Sharif  1 , Navaz Naghavi  2 , Osveh Esmaeelinezhad  3 , Long She  1 , Kelly-Ann Allen  4   5 , Hamid Sharif-Nia  6   7 , Pardis Rahmatpour  8
Affiliations

Social networking sites use and life satisfaction: a moderated mediation model of e-health literacy, fatigue, uncertainty, and stress

Saeed Pahlevan Sharif et al. BMC Psychol. .

Abstract

Excessive social media use during health crises can lead to information overload and psychological distress, yet the mechanisms underlying this relationship remain unclear. This study investigated how social networking sites (SNS) affected life satisfaction during the COVID-19 pandemic in Iran and whether this relationship was explained by SNS fatigue, uncertainty about disease, and stress. The research also examined whether e-health literacy was a protective factor in this process. Results confirmed that SNS use negatively affected life satisfaction through a sequential pathway of increased fatigue, uncertainty, and stress. E-health literacy moderated the initial link between SNS use and fatigue, with higher literacy weakening this relationship. The results demonstrate the complex relationship between SNS use and wellbeing during health crises and highlight the potential protective role of e-health literacy.

Keywords: E-health literacy; Life satisfaction; SNS fatigue; Social networking sites; Stress.

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Conflict of interest statement

Declarations. Ethics approval and consent to participate: The present study was performed in accordance with the international ethical standards of the Declaration of Helsinki. This study was approved by the ethics committee of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences (IR.MAZUMS.REC.1399.008). Participants were informed that their participation was voluntary and that their responses would be published anonymously as group data. They completed the online informed consent form. Consent for publication: Not Applicable. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
The moderating effect of E-Health literacy on the relationship between SNS use and fatigue due to SNS use *p <0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001; non-significant paths are shown with dashed lines. The results are controlled for the effects of age, education level, and healthcare job
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
The results of the structural model assessment
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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