Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
Review
. 2025 Apr;48(2):47-53.
doi: 10.18773/austprescr.2025.019.

Noninvasive prenatal testing: an overview

Alice Poulton  1   2   3   4   5 , Lisa Hui  1   2   3   4   5
Affiliations
Review

Noninvasive prenatal testing: an overview

Alice Poulton et al. Aust Prescr. 2025 Apr.

Abstract

Australian health authorities recommend offering prenatal screening for fetal chromosome conditions, also known as aneuploidies (e.g. Down syndrome [trisomy 21]), to all pregnant individuals to support informed decision-making. Noninvasive prenatal testing (NIPT) is one of 3 types of prenatal aneuploidy screening tests available in Australia. NIPT requires a maternal blood test after 10 weeks gestation. Although it doesn't require an ultrasound, a 12- or 13-week ultrasound is recommended as it provides an opportunity for early diagnosis of major structural anomalies. NIPT is not subsidised by Medicare. It is important to take a patient-centred approach when discussing screening options. Patients should be encouraged to consider whether knowing the test result will impact their pregnancy decision-making or preparations. There are two main NIPT approaches: genome-wide and targeted. All currently available NIPT platforms perform well for detecting the common autosomal aneuploidies (trisomy 21, 18 and 13). NIPT has the highest true-positive rate (highest sensitivity) and lowest false-positive rate (highest specificity) among aneuploidy screening methods, however false-positive results can occur. Genetic counselling and confirmatory invasive diagnostic testing are recommended for patients with a high-probability NIPT result, especially if they are considering pregnancy termination.

Keywords: Down syndrome; aneuploidy screening; cell-free fetal DNA; noninvasive prenatal testing; prenatal screening.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

Conflicts of interest: Alice Poulton is employed by Monash IVF Group, which owns a noninvasive prenatal testing (NIPT) brand (NEST plus). Alice receives funding from The University of Melbourne, the Murdoch Children's Research Institute and Monash IVF Group for her PhD on preimplantation genetic testing for monogenic conditions and attendance at conferences to present her research. This funding does not support the research of NEST plus performance or outcomes. Lisa Hui has received a clinical investigator grant from the Medical Research Future Fund (MRFF) for the project ‘Closing the critical knowledge gaps in perinatal genomics’. She has also received a grant from the Australian Research Council (ARC) for the project ‘Ethical, societal and regulatory aspects of advanced genomic testing’. These projects include research on the ethics, consumer and clinician perspectives of prenatal screening, including NIPT. MRFF and ARC are funded by the Australian Government. Lisa is Elected Board Director of the International Society for Prenatal Diagnosis (ISPD) and Associate Editor of Prenatal Diagnosis. Lisa is the first author of the ISPD 2023 position statement on the use of NIPT in singleton pregnancies, and Chair of the Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists’ guideline development group for ‘Screening and diagnosis of fetal structural anomalies and chromosome conditions’.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Cell-free DNA in maternal blood and noninvasive prenatal testing [NB1]
Figure 2
Figure 2
Types of fetoplacental mosaicism [NB1]
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

    1. Living Evidence for Australian Pregnancy and Postnatal care (LEAPP) Guidelines Group. Australian Pregnancy Care Guidelines. Australian Living Evidence Collaboration. https://livingevidence.org.au/living-guidelines/leapp/#pregnancy-guidelines [cited 2024 Sep 27]
    1. Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. Screening and diagnosis of fetal structural anomalies and chromosome conditions. 2024. https://ranzcog.edu.au/resources/statements-and-guidelines-directory/ [cited 2025 Mar 5]
    1. Rose NC, Barrie ES, Malinowski J, Jenkins GP, McClain MR, LaGrave D, et al. ACMG Professional Practice and Guidelines Committee . Systematic evidence-based review: The application of noninvasive prenatal screening using cell-free DNA in general-risk pregnancies. Genet Med 2022;24:1992. 10.1016/j.gim.2022.07.002 - DOI - PubMed
    1. Lindquist A, Hui L, Poulton A, Kluckow E, Hutchinson B, Pertile MD, et al. State-wide utilization and performance of traditional and cell-free DNA-based prenatal testing pathways: the Victorian Perinatal Record Linkage (PeRL) study. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2020;56:215-24. 10.1002/uog.21899 - DOI - PubMed
    1. Alldred SK, Takwoingi Y, Guo B, Pennant M, Deeks JJ, Neilson JP, et al. First and second trimester serum tests with and without first trimester ultrasound tests for Down’s syndrome screening. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2017;3:CD012599. 10.1002/14651858.CD012599 - DOI - PMC - PubMed

Further reading

    1. Hui L, Ellis K, Mayen D, Pertile MD, Reimers R, Sun L, et al. Position statement from the International Society for Prenatal Diagnosis on the use of non-invasive prenatal testing for the detection of fetal chromosomal conditions in singleton pregnancies. Prenat Diagn 2023;43:814-28. 10.1002/pd.6357 - DOI - PubMed
    1. Rieder W, White S, McGillivray G, Hui L. Contemporary prenatal aneuploidy screening practice in Australia: Frequently asked questions in the cell-free DNA era. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 2018;58:397-403. 10.1111/ajo.12834 - DOI - PubMed
    1. Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. Screening and diagnosis of fetal structural anomalies and chromosome conditions. 2024. https://ranzcog.edu.au/resources/statements-and-guidelines-directory/ [cited 2025 Mar 5]

LinkOut - more resources