Design, synthesis and characterization of aryl bis-guanyl hydrazones as RNA binders of C9orf72 G4C2 extended repeats

Abstract

Expanded G₄C₂ repeats derived from mutations of the C9orf72 gene are causative factors in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD) patients, leading to multiple pathological events. Bis thiophene para dinicotinimidamide 2a was reported to preferentially stabilize G-quadruplex G₄C₂ RNA structures at sub-micromolar concentrations. We replaced its amidine groups with BBB-compliant guanyl hydrazones, and carried out scaffold variations to improve water solubility. An eight-membered array was built around bis-thiophene- (4b-6a), bis-oxazole- (7b), diphenylurea diamide- (8b) and phenyldioxy ditriazolephenyl scaffolds (9a,b). Biological profiling of the array identified 4b as a promising, drug-like hit, active in cellular assays on ALS patient-derived cells.

Keywords: ALS; C9orf72 gene; Expanded G(4)C(2) repeats; Guanyl hydrazones; NMR binding studies; RNA transcripts; RNA-Small molecule modeling.