Long-Term Exposure to Ambient Particulate Matter and Structural Brain Changes in Older Adults

Abstract

Background: Accumulating evidence links air pollution exposure to late-life cognitive deterioration. Whether air pollution alters brain structure remains poorly understood. Thus, we aimed to quantify the association between long-term exposure to particulate matter ≤2.5 µm and ≤10 µm (PM_2.5 and PM₁₀, respectively) and late-life brain structural changes.

Methods: In the Swedish National Study on Aging and Care in Kungsholmen, Stockholm, 555 participants free from dementia underwent brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans at baseline and after 6 years (cohorts <78 years) or after 3 and 6 years (cohorts aged ≥78 years). After the exclusion of participants with neurological conditions (including previous stroke) and suboptimal MRI quality, we had 457 participants with available repeated MRI examinations, where total brain tissue volume, ventricles, hippocampus, and white matter hyperintensities volumes were assessed. PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ have been assessed since 1990 using dispersion models at residential addresses. Brain volumes have been standardized using baseline mean and SD. Long-term exposure to PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ in relation to the baseline and longitudinal brain MRI volumes were tested through multiadjusted (age, sex, educational level, smoking, socioeconomic status, and neighborhood household mean income) linear regression models.

Results: At study entry, the mean (SD) age of the participants was 70 (SD, 8.9) years and 41% were males. Individuals who before baseline had been exposed to levels of PM_2.5 or PM₁₀ above the median (8.5 and 14.9 μg/m³, respectively) had smaller total brain tissue volume (β, -0.20 [95% CI, -0.33 to -0.06] and β, -0.14 [95% CI, -0.28 to -0.01], respectively) at baseline than those with lower PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ levels. Participants exposed during the follow-up to PM_2.5>8.7 μg/m³ had on average an annual shrinkage of total brain tissue volume of 0.22 (95% CI, -0.43 to -0.01) and an annual increase of 0.25 (95% CI, 0.07-0.43) of the white matter hyperintensities as compared with participants exposed to PM_2.5<8.7 μg/m³. No association was detected between PM₁₀ and an annual rate of change in brain MRI volumes.

Conclusions: Long-term exposure to comparatively low levels of PM_2.5 was associated with a greater load of structural brain changes, encompassing brain atrophy and vascular pathology. These findings, in a dementia- and cerebrovascular disease-free sample, underscore the importance of addressing air pollution as a modifiable risk factor for late-life cognitive decline, and highlight the need for targeted interventions to prevent its detrimental effects on brain integrity.

Keywords: air pollution; atrophy; brain; stroke; white matter.

Figure 1.

Associations between exposure to particulate matter (PM_2.5) during the 5 years preceding baseline and standardized magnetic resonance imaging markers at baseline. β Coefficients with 95% CIs are derived from linear regression models, adjusted for age, sex, educational level, smoking, socioeconomic status, and neighborhood household mean income. All volumes were adjusted for total intracranial volume and converted into z scores.

Figure 2.

Association between particulate matter (PM2.5) with annual rate of changes of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) volumes over up to 6 years. β Coefficients with 95% CIs are derived from linear regression models, adjusted for age, sex, educational level, smoking, socioeconomic status, neighborhood household mean income, and baseline measure of the specific MRI volume. All volumes are adjusted for total intracranial volume and converted into z scores.