Is parental anxiety related to child anxiety? Insights from a four-wave longitudinal study in a Chinese context

Abstract

Objective: There has been a growing concern regarding the development of parental anxiety and child anxiety. However, the dynamic bidirectional relationship between parental anxiety and child anxiety remains unclear, particularly across different genders and developmental stages. This study investigated the bidirectional relationships between parental anxiety and child anxiety, and further explored the relationships across gender and age.

Methods: Data were collected across four waves from 2019 to 2022 in Sichuan Province, China, including 6,117 students (49.00% girls; 61.10% adolescents; M = 10.32 years, SD = 2.14). Parental anxiety was evaluated by the Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS), and child anxiety was assessed using the Screen for Child Anxiety-Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED). A random intercept cross-lagged panel model (RI-CLPM) was constructed to distinguish between within- and between-person levels of parental anxiety and child anxiety.

Results: Results found that parental anxiety significantly predicted child anxiety across all time points, which supports the "parent effects" model. Meanwhile, child anxiety also influenced parental anxiety from Time 3 to Time 4, partially supporting the "reciprocal effects" model. Moreover, the impact of parental anxiety on girls' anxiety was significantly stronger than on boys, and parental anxiety had a more substantial influence on children than on adolescents.

Conclusion: These findings underscore the distinct roles of gender and developmental stages in the transmission of parental anxiety to children. The present findings provide theoretical and practical evidence for the development of parental anxiety and child anxiety in the Chinese context.

Keywords: adolescents; child anxiety; children; gender; longitudinal data; parental anxiety.

Figure 1

RI-CLPM for the relationship between parental and child anxiety across the four time points in all samples. PA, parental anxiety; CA, child anxiety; T1, Time 1; T2, Time 2; T3, Time 3; T4, Time 4; ^* p <.05, ^** p <.01. Dotted lines represent nonsignificant paths.

Figure 2

RI-CLPM for the relationship between parental and child anxiety across the four time points in the boys’ sample. PA, parental anxiety; CA, child anxiety; T1, Time 1; T2, Time 2; T3, Time 3; T4, Time 4; ^* p <.05, ^** p <.01. Dotted lines represent nonsignificant paths.

Figure 3

RI-CLPM for the relationship between parental and child anxiety across the four time points in the girls’ sample. PA, parental anxiety; CA, child anxiety; T1, Time 1; T2, Time 2; T3, Time 3; T4, Time 4; ^* p <.05, ^** p <.01. Dotted lines represent nonsignificant paths.

Figure 4

RI-CLPM for the relationship between parental and child anxiety across the four time points in the children’s sample. PA, parental anxiety; CA, child anxiety; T1, Time 1; T2, Time 2; T3, Time 3; T4, Time 4; ^* p <.05, ^** p <.01. Dotted lines represent nonsignificant paths.

Figure 5

RI-CLPM for the relationship between parental and child anxiety across the four time points in the adolescents’ sample. PA, parental anxiety; CA, child anxiety; T1, Time 1; T2, Time 2; T3, Time 3; T4, Time 4; ^* p <.05, ^** p <.01. Dotted lines represent nonsignificant paths.