Reporting guideline for the use of Generative Artificial intelligence tools in MEdical Research: the GAMER Statement

Xufei Luo¹, Yih Chung Tham^{2

3

4

5}, Mauro Giuffrè^{6

7}, Robert Ranisch⁸, Mohammad Daher⁹, Kyle Lam¹⁰, Alexander Viktor Eriksen¹¹, Che-Wei Hsu^{12

13}, Akihiko Ozaki¹⁴, Fabio Ynoe de Moraes¹⁵, Sahil Khanna¹⁶, Kuan-Pin Su^{17

18}, Emir Begagić¹⁹, Zhaoxiang Bian^{20

21}, Yaolong Chen^{22

23

24}, Janne Estill^{25

26}; GAMER Working Group

Collaborators, Affiliations

Collaborators

Affiliations

¹ Research Unit of Evidence-Based Evaluation and Guidelines, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2021RU017), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China.
² Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore thamyc@nus.edu.sg chevidence@lzu.edu.cn janne.estill@unige.ch.
³ Centre for Innovation and Precision Eye Health, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
⁴ Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore.
⁵ Ophthalmology and Visual Science Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore.
⁶ Department of Internal Medicine (Digestive Diseases), Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
⁷ Department of Medical, Surgical, and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy.
⁸ Faculty of Health Sciences Brandenburg, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Brandenburg, Germany.
⁹ Orthopedic department, Hôtel Dieu de France, Beirut, Lebanon.
¹⁰ Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK.
¹¹ Department of Geriatric Medicine, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.
¹² Department of Psychological Medicine, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
¹³ Bachelor of Social Services, College of Community Development and Personal Wellbeing, Otago Polytechnic, Dunedin, New Zealand.
¹⁴ Jyoban Hospital of Tokiwa Foundation, Iwaki, Fukushima, Japan.
¹⁵ Department of Oncology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.
¹⁶ Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
¹⁷ Mind-Body Interface Research Center (MBI-Lab), China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
¹⁸ An-Nan Hospital, China Medical University, Tainan, Taiwan.
¹⁹ Department of Neurosurgery, Cantonal Hospital Zenica, Zenica, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
²⁰ Vincent V.C. Woo Chinese Medicine Clinical Research Institute, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.
²¹ Chinese EQUATOR Centre, Hong Kong, China.
²² Research Unit of Evidence-Based Evaluation and Guidelines, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2021RU017), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China thamyc@nus.edu.sg chevidence@lzu.edu.cn janne.estill@unige.ch.
²³ Evidence-based Medicine Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.
²⁴ WHO Collaborating Centre for Guideline Implementation and Knowledge Translation, Lanzhou, China.
²⁵ Evidence-based Medicine Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China thamyc@nus.edu.sg chevidence@lzu.edu.cn janne.estill@unige.ch.
²⁶ Institute of Global Health, University of Geneva, Geneve, Switzerland.

PMID: 40360239
DOI: 10.1136/bmjebm-2025-113825

Reporting guideline for the use of Generative Artificial intelligence tools in MEdical Research: the GAMER Statement

Xufei Luo et al. BMJ Evid Based Med. 2025.

. 2025 May 13:bmjebm-2025-113825.

doi: 10.1136/bmjebm-2025-113825. Online ahead of print.

Authors

Collaborators

Affiliations

¹ Research Unit of Evidence-Based Evaluation and Guidelines, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2021RU017), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China.
² Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore thamyc@nus.edu.sg chevidence@lzu.edu.cn janne.estill@unige.ch.
³ Centre for Innovation and Precision Eye Health, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
⁴ Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore.
⁵ Ophthalmology and Visual Science Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore.
⁶ Department of Internal Medicine (Digestive Diseases), Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
⁷ Department of Medical, Surgical, and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy.
⁸ Faculty of Health Sciences Brandenburg, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Brandenburg, Germany.
⁹ Orthopedic department, Hôtel Dieu de France, Beirut, Lebanon.
¹⁰ Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK.
¹¹ Department of Geriatric Medicine, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.
¹² Department of Psychological Medicine, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
¹³ Bachelor of Social Services, College of Community Development and Personal Wellbeing, Otago Polytechnic, Dunedin, New Zealand.
¹⁴ Jyoban Hospital of Tokiwa Foundation, Iwaki, Fukushima, Japan.
¹⁵ Department of Oncology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.
¹⁶ Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
¹⁷ Mind-Body Interface Research Center (MBI-Lab), China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
¹⁸ An-Nan Hospital, China Medical University, Tainan, Taiwan.
¹⁹ Department of Neurosurgery, Cantonal Hospital Zenica, Zenica, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
²⁰ Vincent V.C. Woo Chinese Medicine Clinical Research Institute, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.
²¹ Chinese EQUATOR Centre, Hong Kong, China.
²² Research Unit of Evidence-Based Evaluation and Guidelines, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2021RU017), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China thamyc@nus.edu.sg chevidence@lzu.edu.cn janne.estill@unige.ch.
²³ Evidence-based Medicine Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.
²⁴ WHO Collaborating Centre for Guideline Implementation and Knowledge Translation, Lanzhou, China.
²⁵ Evidence-based Medicine Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China thamyc@nus.edu.sg chevidence@lzu.edu.cn janne.estill@unige.ch.
²⁶ Institute of Global Health, University of Geneva, Geneve, Switzerland.

PMID: 40360239
DOI: 10.1136/bmjebm-2025-113825

Abstract

Objectives: Generative artificial intelligence (GAI) tools can enhance the quality and efficiency of medical research, but their improper use may result in plagiarism, academic fraud and unreliable findings. Transparent reporting of GAI use is essential, yet existing guidelines from journals and institutions are inconsistent, with no standardised principles.

Design and setting: International online Delphi study.

Participants: International experts in medicine and artificial intelligence.

Main outcome measures: The primary outcome measure is the consensus level of the Delphi expert panel on the items of inclusion criteria for GAMER (Rreporting guideline for the use of Generative Artificial intelligence tools in MEdical Research).

Results: The development process included a scoping review, two Delphi rounds and virtual meetings. 51 experts from 26 countries participated in the process (44 in the Delphi survey). The final checklist comprises nine reporting items: general declaration, GAI tool specifications, prompting techniques, tool's role in the study, declaration of new GAI model(s) developed, artificial intelligence-assisted sections in the manuscript, content verification, data privacy and impact on conclusions.

Conclusion: GAMER provides universal and standardised guideline for GAI use in medical research, ensuring transparency, integrity and quality.

Keywords: Epidemiology; Quality of Health Care.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

Competing interests: Dr Nash Anderson, a member of our Delphi expert panel, is also a Senior Associate Editor at BMJ Open Sport and Exercise Medicine. We declare that no other conflicts of interest exist.

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Reporting guideline for the use of Generative Artificial intelligence tools in MEdical Research: the GAMER Statement

Collaborators

Affiliations

Reporting guideline for the use of Generative Artificial intelligence tools in MEdical Research: the GAMER Statement

Authors

Collaborators

Affiliations

Abstract

Conflict of interest statement