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Review
. 2025 Apr 22;26(9):3954.
doi: 10.3390/ijms26093954.

Vaginal Microbiota and Local Immunity in HPV-Induced High-Grade Cervical Dysplasia: A Narrative Review

Helena C J Schellekens  1   2 , Lotte M S Schmidt  1 , Servaas A Morré  2   3   4 , Edith M G van Esch  5 , Peggy J de Vos van Steenwijk  1   2
Affiliations
Review

Vaginal Microbiota and Local Immunity in HPV-Induced High-Grade Cervical Dysplasia: A Narrative Review

Helena C J Schellekens et al. Int J Mol Sci. .

Abstract

Persistent high-risk Human Papillomavirus infection is the primary factor in cervical carcinogenesis. However, other host-related features are believed to play a role as well. Recent research suggests that the vaginal microbiome and the immune microenvironment play a significant role in the acquisition and persistence of Human Papillomavirus infection, as well as in the regression or progression of cervical intraepithelial lesions. Studies in this emerging field describe factors associated with this interaction, though the precise nature remains incompletely understood. In this narrative review, we aim to summarize the current literature on the topic and propose hypotheses and recommendations for future research and treatment strategies.

Keywords: Human Papillomavirus; cervical squamous intraepithelial lesions; host immunity; vaginal microbiota.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

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