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. 2025 Jul;18(3):285-288.
doi: 10.14802/jmd.25045. Epub 2025 May 14.

Optimizing Device-Aided Therapies in Advanced Parkinson's Disease: A Case Series on Continuous Subcutaneous Apomorphine Infusion in Challenging Scenarios

Adrian Paul R De Leon  1   2 , Roongroj Bhidayasiri  1   3 , Onanong Phokaewvarangkul  1
Affiliations

Optimizing Device-Aided Therapies in Advanced Parkinson's Disease: A Case Series on Continuous Subcutaneous Apomorphine Infusion in Challenging Scenarios

Adrian Paul R De Leon et al. J Mov Disord. 2025 Jul.
No abstract available

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Conflict of interest statement

Conflicts of Interest

The authors have no financial conflicts of interest.

Figures

Figure 1.
Figure 1.
Clinical profiles of device-aided therapies and the individual patient responses to continuous subcutaneous apomorphine infusion. A: Available evidence for the different device-aided therapies for managing symptoms of advanced PD. Green: effective; yellow: possibly effective; red: contraindicated. B: (a) Line graph demonstrating the titration of the CSAI dose in patient 1 compared with the changes in the LEDD and ON-medication UPDRS-III score. (b) Line graph demonstrating the titration of the CSAI dose in patient 2 compared with the changes in the LEDD and ON-medication UPDRS-III score. (c) Line graph demonstrating the titration of the CSAI dose in patient 3 compared with the change in LEDD, ON-medication UPDRS-III score, and hallucinations. (d) Line graph demonstrating the titration of the CSAI dose in patient 4 compared with the changes in the LEDD and ON-medication UPDRS-III score. CSAI, continuous subcutaneous apomorphine infusion; DBS, deep brain stimulation; LCIG, levodopa-carbidopa intestinal gel; UPDRS-III, Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale Part III; LEDD, levodopa equivalent daily dose.
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