Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2025 Jul;18(3):285-288.
doi: 10.14802/jmd.25045. Epub 2025 May 14.

Optimizing Device-Aided Therapies in Advanced Parkinson's Disease: A Case Series on Continuous Subcutaneous Apomorphine Infusion in Challenging Scenarios

Adrian Paul R De Leon  1   2 , Roongroj Bhidayasiri  1   3 , Onanong Phokaewvarangkul  1
Affiliations

Optimizing Device-Aided Therapies in Advanced Parkinson's Disease: A Case Series on Continuous Subcutaneous Apomorphine Infusion in Challenging Scenarios

Adrian Paul R De Leon et al. J Mov Disord. 2025 Jul.
No abstract available

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

Conflicts of Interest

The authors have no financial conflicts of interest.

Figures

Figure 1.
Figure 1.
Clinical profiles of device-aided therapies and the individual patient responses to continuous subcutaneous apomorphine infusion. A: Available evidence for the different device-aided therapies for managing symptoms of advanced PD. Green: effective; yellow: possibly effective; red: contraindicated. B: (a) Line graph demonstrating the titration of the CSAI dose in patient 1 compared with the changes in the LEDD and ON-medication UPDRS-III score. (b) Line graph demonstrating the titration of the CSAI dose in patient 2 compared with the changes in the LEDD and ON-medication UPDRS-III score. (c) Line graph demonstrating the titration of the CSAI dose in patient 3 compared with the change in LEDD, ON-medication UPDRS-III score, and hallucinations. (d) Line graph demonstrating the titration of the CSAI dose in patient 4 compared with the changes in the LEDD and ON-medication UPDRS-III score. CSAI, continuous subcutaneous apomorphine infusion; DBS, deep brain stimulation; LCIG, levodopa-carbidopa intestinal gel; UPDRS-III, Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale Part III; LEDD, levodopa equivalent daily dose.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

    1. GBD 2016 Neurology Collaborators Global, regional, and national burden of neurological disorders, 1990-2016: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2016. Lancet Neurol. 2019;18:459–480. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Phokaewvarangkul O, Auffret M, Groppa S, Markovic V, Petrovic I, Bhidayasiri R. What was first and what is next in selecting device-aided therapy in Parkinson’s disease? Balancing evidence and experience. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2024;131:1307–1320. - PubMed
    1. Bhidayasiri R, Chaudhuri KR, LeWitt P, Martin A, Boonpang K, van Laar T. Effective delivery of apomorphine in the management of Parkinson disease: practical considerations for clinicians and Parkinson nurses. Clin Neuropharmacol. 2015;38:89–103. - PubMed
    1. Carbone F, Djamshidian A, Seppi K, Poewe W. Apomorphine for Parkinson’s disease: efficacy and safety of current and new formulations. CNS Drugs. 2019;33:905–918. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Caligiore D, Montedori F, Buscaglione S, Capirchio A. Increasing serotonin to reduce parkinsonian tremor. Front Syst Neurosci. 2021;15:682990. - PMC - PubMed

LinkOut - more resources