Beyond the gender data gap: co-creating equitable digital patient twins

Abstract

Digital patient twins constitute a transformative innovation in personalized medicine, integrating patient-specific data into predictive models that leverage artificial intelligence (AI) to optimize diagnostics and treatments. However, existing digital patient twins often fail to incorporate gender-sensitive and socio-economic factors, reinforcing biases and diminishing their clinical effectiveness. This (gender) data gap, long recognized as a fundamental problem in digital health, translates into significant disparities in healthcare outcomes. This mini-review explores the interdisciplinary connections of technical foundations, medical relevance, as well as social and ethical challenges of digital patient twins, emphasizing the necessity of gender-sensitive design and co-creation approaches. We argue that without intersectional and inclusive frameworks, digital patient twins risk perpetuating existing inequalities rather than mitigating them. By addressing the interplay between gender, AI-driven decision-making and health equity, this mini-review highlights strategies for designing more inclusive and ethically responsible digital patient twins to further interdisciplinary approaches.

Keywords: artificial intelligence; co-creation; digital patient twins; ethical aspects; gender data gap; personalized medicine; social implications.

Figure 1

Illustration of the development of gender-sensitive digital patient twins (DPTs). The figure shows a gender-balanced data collection of population-based data and individual patient-specific data which is used to develop the model. The consideration of diverse patient populations during the development and validation phase enables a precise and personalized outcome by the underlaying artificial intelligence algorithm of the DPT.