Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2025 Mar;65(1):120-136.
doi: 10.1007/s12088-024-01336-0. Epub 2024 Jun 23.

Nanomaterial-Based Biosensors for the Detection of COVID-19

Manju Tewari  1 , Prerna Rana  1 , Veena Pande  1
Affiliations

Nanomaterial-Based Biosensors for the Detection of COVID-19

Manju Tewari et al. Indian J Microbiol. 2025 Mar.

Abstract

The COVID-19 outbreak began in December 2019 and has affected people worldwide. It was declared a pandemic in 2020 by the World Health Organization. Developing rapid and reliable diagnostic techniques is crucial for identifying COVID-19 early and preventing the disease from becoming severe. In addition to conventional diagnostic techniques such as RT-PCR, computed tomography, serological assays, and sequencing methods, biosensors have become widely accepted for identifying and screening COVID-19 infection with high accuracy and sensitivity. Their low cost, high sensitivity, specificity, and portability make them ideal for diagnostics. The use of nanomaterials improves the performance of biosensors by increasing their sensitivities and limiting detection by several orders of magnitude. This manuscript briefly reviews the COVID-19 outbreak and its pathogenesis. Furthermore, it comprehensively discusses the currently available biosensors for SARS-CoV-2 detection, with a special emphasis on nanomaterials-based biosensors developed to detect this emerging virus and its variants efficiently.

Keywords: BioFET; Biosensor; COVID-19; CRISPR-Cas; Colorimetric; Electrochemical; Nanomaterial; SARS-CoV-2; Surface plasmon resonance.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

Conflict of interestThe authors declare no conflict of interest.

Similar articles

  • Rapid, point-of-care antigen tests for diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
    Dinnes J, Sharma P, Berhane S, van Wyk SS, Nyaaba N, Domen J, Taylor M, Cunningham J, Davenport C, Dittrich S, Emperador D, Hooft L, Leeflang MM, McInnes MD, Spijker R, Verbakel JY, Takwoingi Y, Taylor-Phillips S, Van den Bruel A, Deeks JJ; Cochrane COVID-19 Diagnostic Test Accuracy Group. Dinnes J, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2022 Jul 22;7(7):CD013705. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD013705.pub3. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2022. PMID: 35866452 Free PMC article.
  • Signs and symptoms to determine if a patient presenting in primary care or hospital outpatient settings has COVID-19.
    Struyf T, Deeks JJ, Dinnes J, Takwoingi Y, Davenport C, Leeflang MM, Spijker R, Hooft L, Emperador D, Domen J, Tans A, Janssens S, Wickramasinghe D, Lannoy V, Horn SRA, Van den Bruel A; Cochrane COVID-19 Diagnostic Test Accuracy Group. Struyf T, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2022 May 20;5(5):CD013665. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD013665.pub3. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2022. PMID: 35593186 Free PMC article.
  • Antibody tests for identification of current and past infection with SARS-CoV-2.
    Fox T, Geppert J, Dinnes J, Scandrett K, Bigio J, Sulis G, Hettiarachchi D, Mathangasinghe Y, Weeratunga P, Wickramasinghe D, Bergman H, Buckley BS, Probyn K, Sguassero Y, Davenport C, Cunningham J, Dittrich S, Emperador D, Hooft L, Leeflang MM, McInnes MD, Spijker R, Struyf T, Van den Bruel A, Verbakel JY, Takwoingi Y, Taylor-Phillips S, Deeks JJ; Cochrane COVID-19 Diagnostic Test Accuracy Group. Fox T, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2022 Nov 17;11(11):CD013652. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD013652.pub2. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2022. PMID: 36394900 Free PMC article.
  • Nanotechnology-Based Modern Biosensors for the Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Virus.
    Devi S, Yadav N, Yadav R. Devi S, et al. Indian J Microbiol. 2025 Mar;65(1):177-188. doi: 10.1007/s12088-024-01404-5. Epub 2024 Oct 7. Indian J Microbiol. 2025. PMID: 40371028 Review.
  • Measures implemented in the school setting to contain the COVID-19 pandemic.
    Krishnaratne S, Littlecott H, Sell K, Burns J, Rabe JE, Stratil JM, Litwin T, Kreutz C, Coenen M, Geffert K, Boger AH, Movsisyan A, Kratzer S, Klinger C, Wabnitz K, Strahwald B, Verboom B, Rehfuess E, Biallas RL, Jung-Sievers C, Voss S, Pfadenhauer LM. Krishnaratne S, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2022 Jan 17;1(1):CD015029. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD015029. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2022. Update in: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2024 May 2;5:CD015029. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD015029.pub2. PMID: 35037252 Free PMC article. Updated.
See all similar articles

References

    1. Hernandez Acosta RA, Esquer Garrigos Z, Marcelin JR, Vijayvargiya P (2022) COVID-19 pathogenesis and clinical manifestations. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 10.1016/j.idc.2022.01.003 - PMC - PubMed
    1. Boyton RJ, Altmann DM (2021) The immunology of asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection: What are the key questions? Nat Rev Immunol. 10.1038/s41577-021-00631-x - PMC - PubMed
    1. Gibson PG, Qin L, Puah SH (2020) COVID-19 acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS): clinical features and differences from typical pre-COVID-19 ARDS. Med J Aust. 10.5694/mja2.50674 - PMC - PubMed
    1. Saba SK, Khan F, Lamia S, Shahid MI, Anika T, Akhter S et al (2022) Updates on COVID-19: virology, etiology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, transmission and prevention. Bangladesh Pharm J. 10.3329/bpj.v25i2.60966
    1. Majumder J, Minko T (2021) Recent developments on therapeutic and diagnostic approaches for COVID-19. AAPS J. 10.1208/s12248-020-00532-2 - PMC - PubMed

LinkOut - more resources