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. 2025 Jul;30(3):e70065.
doi: 10.1002/pri.70065.

Effect of Dual-Task Training on the Number of EEG Bands in Stroke Patients

Borhan Asadi  1 , Zahra Khodabakhshi  2 , Sedigheh Sadat Naimi  3 , Pablo Herrero  1   4 , Noureddin Nakhostin Ansari  5   6 , Diego Lapuente-Hernandez  1   4
Affiliations

Effect of Dual-Task Training on the Number of EEG Bands in Stroke Patients

Borhan Asadi et al. Physiother Res Int. 2025 Jul.

Abstract

Background/objective: Dual-task training (DTT) positively impacts stroke recovery, but its effects on electroencephalography (EEG) using Fourier series analysis are under-researched. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of DTT on EEG in stroke patients by analyzing different EEG bands with fast Fourier transform (FFT).

Methods: Five participants with unilateral ischemic stroke completed 12 sessions of 15-min DTT, three times a week for 4 weeks. EEG data were recorded before and after the intervention, and FFT analysis was conducted. Assessments of upper limb function, elbow flexor muscle tone, and daily living activities were also performed.

Results: FFT analysis showed a reduction in delta, theta, alpha, and beta bands post-DTT, while their correlation between measurement times remained consistent. These changes were somewhat reflected in the participants' improved clinical outcomes.

Conclusion: The results suggest that DTT positively affects EEG band frequencies, with a consistent correlation between pre- and post-intervention measurements. This indicates that FFT analysis could be a useful tool for assessing DTT's impact on stroke recovery.

Keywords: dual‐task training; electroencephalography; fast Fourier transform; signal analysis; stroke.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Figures

FIGURE 1
FIGURE 1
Overview of the study methodology. This flowchart includes the steps of EEG signal and upper limb function data collection before and after dual‐task training, as well as EEG signal analysis and statistical analysis of the collected data.
FIGURE 2
FIGURE 2
Changes in delta band activity before and after dual‐task training (DTT). The figure represents the delta band across 19 EEG electrode sites in five stroke patients before (red line) and after (green line) 12 sessions of DTT. Each subplot (a–e) corresponds to an individual patient. Following the intervention, a general reduction in delta band activity is observed across most electrode sites. However, Patient 3 (subplot c), who had a longer post‐stroke duration than the others, exhibited a less pronounced reduction.
FIGURE 3
FIGURE 3
Changes in theta band activity before and after dual‐task training (DTT). The figure represents the theta band across 19 EEG electrode sites in five stroke patients before (red line) and after (green line) 12 sessions of DTT. Each subplot (a–e) corresponds to an individual patient. Following the intervention, a general reduction in theta band activity is observed across most electrode sites. However, Patient 3 (subplot c), who had a longer post‐stroke duration than the others, exhibited a less pronounced reduction.
FIGURE 4
FIGURE 4
Changes in alpha band activity before and after dual‐task training (DTT). The figure represents the alpha band across 19 EEG electrode sites in five stroke patients before (red line) and after (green line) 12 sessions of DTT. Each subplot (a–e) corresponds to an individual patient. Following the intervention, a consistent reduction in theta band activity is observed across most electrode sites.
FIGURE 5
FIGURE 5
Changes in beta band activity before and after dual‐task training (DTT). The figure represents the beta band across 19 EEG electrode sites in five stroke patients before (red line) and after (green line) 12 sessions of DTT. Each subplot (a–e) corresponds to an individual patient. Following the intervention, a general reduction in beta band activity is observed across most electrode sites. However, Patient 3 (subplot c), who had a longer post‐stroke duration than the others, exhibited a less pronounced reduction.
FIGURE 6
FIGURE 6
Functional assessment changes before and after dual‐task training (DTT). This figure represents the changes observed in three functional outcome measures following the DTT intervention: (a) Box and Block test; (b) Modified Modified Ashworth Scale (MMAS); and (c) Barthel Index. The red line represents pre‐intervention values, while the green line indicates post‐intervention values. The blue dashed line illustrates the difference between pre‐ and post‐intervention values for each participant.
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