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. 2025 May;8(3):e70051.
doi: 10.1002/edm2.70051.

Effect of Physical Activity and Dietary Changes on Management of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients: A Case-Control Study in Bangladesh

Hasan Mahmud Hadi  1 , Md Monir Hossain Shimul  1 , Md Sakhawath Hossain  2 , Afroza Sultana  3 , Md Kamrul Hossain  4   5 , Salamat Khandker  1 , Salim Khan  6
Affiliations

Effect of Physical Activity and Dietary Changes on Management of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients: A Case-Control Study in Bangladesh

Hasan Mahmud Hadi et al. Endocrinol Diabetes Metab. 2025 May.

Abstract

Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a growing public health issue in Bangladesh, projected to affect 13.7 million individuals by 2045. Physical inactivity and poor dietary habits increase the risk of complications. This study examined the effects of physical activity and lifestyle modifications on T2DM management.

Methods: A case-control study was conducted at Manikganj District Diabetic Hospital with 334 T2DM patients (aged 45-60 years). The case group (n = 167) followed structured physical activity and dietary modifications, while the control group (n = 167) did not. Data on socio-demographics, lifestyle and glycaemic markers-fasting plasma glucose (FPG), postprandial plasma glucose (PPG) and HbA1c-were collected at baseline, 3 months and 6 months. Chi-square tests and ordinal logistic regression models assessed associations between lifestyle factors and glycaemic outcomes.

Results: The control group had significantly higher plasma glucose levels, associated with gender (p < 0.001), treatment type (p = 0.004), medical adherence (p = 0.009), food habits (p = 0.007) and BMI (p = 0.005). The case group showed a significant FPG reduction from 10.035 mmol/L to 6.261 mmol/L (p < 0.001), with similar trends for PPG and HbA1c. Males had 1.8 times higher odds of elevated FPG, while poor adherence increased this risk 2.5-fold.

Conclusions: Lifestyle modifications significantly improve glycaemic control in T2DM patients. Strengthening adherence to medical advice and integrating structured interventions into routine care could enhance diabetes management in Bangladesh.

Keywords: Bangladesh; glycaemic control; lifestyle modifications; physical activity; type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Figures

FIGURE 1
FIGURE 1
Comparison plot for mean FPG and PPG in different follow‐up.
FIGURE 2
FIGURE 2
Correlation matrix of diagnosis parameters at first follow‐up.
FIGURE 3
FIGURE 3
Correlation matrix of diagnosis parameters at second follow‐up.
FIGURE 4
FIGURE 4
Correlation matrix of diagnosis parameters at third follow‐up.
FIGURE 5
FIGURE 5
Q‐Q plot for TESTING normality of the fasting plasma glucose.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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