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Meta-Analysis
. 2025 May 16;25(1):164.
doi: 10.1007/s10238-025-01671-6.

Myosteatosis and the survival of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: a meta-analysis

Yongjuan Wu #  1 , Guangyuan Cheng #  1 , Jun Han  1 , Qingsong Yang  2
Affiliations
Meta-Analysis

Myosteatosis and the survival of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: a meta-analysis

Yongjuan Wu et al. Clin Exp Med. .

Abstract

Myosteatosis, characterized by fat infiltration into skeletal muscle, is increasingly recognized as a prognostic factor in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), although the results were not consistent. This meta-analysis aimed to summarize impact on overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) in patients with HCC.A systematic search of PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science was conducted to identify observational studies reporting survival outcomes in HCC patients with and without myosteatosis. Pooled hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using a random-effects model. A total of 24 retrospective cohort studies involving 7436 HCC patients were included. Myosteatosis was significantly associated with poorer OS (HR: 1.60, 95% CI: 1.40-1.83, p < 0.001, I2 = 65%) and PFS (HR: 1.53, 95% CI: 1.33-1.76, p < 0.001, I2 = 36%). Subgroup analysis revealed a stronger association in Asian studies (HR: 1.74 for OS; 1.57 for PFS) compared to European studies (HR: 1.08 for OS; 1.05 for PFS). The prognostic impact remained significant regardless of anticancer treatment type, myosteatosis assessment method, sex-specific or universal cutoff values, and follow-up duration (p for subgroup differences all > 0.05). The results remained significant in studies adjusting for sarcopenia (HR: 1.89 for OS; 1.50 for PFS). Meta-regression analyses did not suggest any of the following variables may affect the results, including sample size, mean ages of the patients, proportions of men, follow-up durations, and study quality scores (p all > 0.05).Myosteatosis is independently associated with worse survival in HCC patients, particularly in Asian populations. These findings highlight the significance of assessing muscle quality as a prognostic factor in HCC.

Keywords: Hepatocellular carcinoma; Meta-analysis; Myosteatosis; Progression; Survival.

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Conflict of interest statement

Declarations. Conflict of interest: The authors declare no competing interests. Ethics approval: Institutional Review Board approval was not required because this is a meta-analysis. Consent to participate: Not applicable. Consent to publish: Not applicable.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Flowchart of database search and study inclusion
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Forest plots for the meta-analyses of the association between myosteatosis and survival outcomes of patients with HCC; A, forest plots for the meta-analysis of OS; and B, forest plots for the meta-analysis of PFS
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Funnel plots for evaluating the publication bias underlying the meta-analyses; A, funnel plots for the meta-analysis of the association between myosteatosis and OS of patients with HCC; and B, funnel plots for the meta-analysis of the association between myosteatosis and PFS of patients with HCC
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