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. 2025 May 2;6(5):e250746.
doi: 10.1001/jamahealthforum.2025.0746.

Global Adoption of Value-Based Health Care Initiatives Within Health Systems: A Scoping Review

Ayooluwa O Douglas  1   2 , Senthujan Senkaiahliyan  1   3   4 , Caroline A Bulstra  1   2 , Carol Mita  5 , Che L Reddy  1   2 , Rifat Atun  1   2
Affiliations

Global Adoption of Value-Based Health Care Initiatives Within Health Systems: A Scoping Review

Ayooluwa O Douglas et al. JAMA Health Forum. .

Abstract

Importance: Health systems worldwide are facing several contextual challenges threatening their sustainability, including aging populations with complex health care needs, workforce shortages, and persistent health disparities, which are driving health care costs. Optimizing health systems to respond to contextual challenges and offer quality care for all requires innovative frameworks like value-based health care (VBHC) and high-value health systems (HVHS) frameworks that focus on improving patient outcomes while minimizing costs.

Objective: To examine how value-based initiatives have been introduced in health systems worldwide.

Evidence review: A comprehensive literature search was conducted across MEDLINE/PubMed, Embase, Health Business Elite, and Web of Science Core Collection. The search included controlled vocabulary terms relevant to VBHC and covered publications between January 1, 2007, and July 7, 2023. After title and abstract screening, followed by full-text review, experimental, observational, and case studies that examined the implementation of the VBHC framework or its elements were included. Articles that focused solely on insurance, cost-effectiveness analysis, theoretical models without implementation, nonempirical studies (eg, reviews, commentaries), and gray literature (eg, news articles) were excluded.

Findings: Of 11 948 articles initially identified for potential inclusion, the final sample included 50 initiatives, with 47 from high-income countries, 2 from upper-middle-income countries, and 1 from a lower-middle-income country. The review revealed that VBHC adoption remains confined to the departmental or institutional level, with few examples of systemwide or national implementation. Although many initiatives integrated various elements of the VBHC framework and components of the HVHS model, none achieved full implementation of all aspects.

Conclusions and relevance: This scoping review showed that since its formal introduction in 2006, VBHC has been widely recognized as a strategy for improving health system performance, but large-scale adoption will require a strategic shift toward integrating value-based components at national and regional levels. These findings highlight the need for research on effective implementation models, particularly in lower-resource settings, to guide policymakers and health system leaders in scaling VBHC and transitioning toward HVHS.

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Conflict of interest statement

Conflict of Interest Disclosures: Dr Bulstra reported grants from the Dutch Research Council Rubicon program outside the submitted work. No other disclosures were reported.

Figures

Figure 1.
Figure 1.. Flowchart of Study Selection
VBHC indicates value-based health care.
Figure 2.
Figure 2.. Geographic Distribution of Countries Featured in the Value-Based Health Care Initiatives
Figure 3.
Figure 3.. Study Characteristics of the Value-Based Health Care Initiatives
Figure 4.
Figure 4.. Adoption of Value-Based Health Care Elements Across Health System Levels and Number of Value-Based Health Care Elements per Initiative
Figure 5.
Figure 5.. Number of High-Value Health System Components Across Health System Levels
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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