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Observational Study
. 2025 Sep 15;232(3):550-559.
doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiaf252.

Household Molecular Epidemiology of Streptococcus pyogenes Carriage and Infection in The Gambia

Gabrielle de Crombrugghe  1   2   3 , Edwin P Armitage  3   4   5 , Alexander J Keeley  3   4   6   7 , Elina Senghore  3 , Fatoumata Camara  3 , Musukoi Jammeh  3 , Amat Bittaye  3 , Haddy Ceesay  3 , Isatou Ceesay  3 , Bunja Samateh  3 , Muhammed Manneh  3 , Gwenaëlle Botquin  1 , Dalila Lakhloufi  1 , Valerie Delforge  1 , Saikou Y Bah  3   6   8 , Jennifer N Hall  6   7   8 , Lionel Schiavolin  1 , Claire E Turner  6   8 , Michael Marks  4   9   10 , Thushan I de Silva  3   6   7 , Anne Botteaux  1 , Pierre R Smeesters  1   2   11   12 ; MRCG StrepA Study Group
Collaborators, Affiliations
Observational Study

Household Molecular Epidemiology of Streptococcus pyogenes Carriage and Infection in The Gambia

Gabrielle de Crombrugghe et al. J Infect Dis. .

Abstract

Background: Africa experiences a high burden of Streptococcus pyogenes disease but has limited epidemiological data. We characterized emm types and emm clusters associated with carriage and disease in The Gambia, a setting with a high rheumatic heart disease burden.

Methods: A 1-year household cohort study (2021-2022) recruited 442 participants from 44 households to assess S. pyogenes carriage and noninvasive infection. Pharyngeal and skin swab samples were collected to detect carriage, and pharyngitis and pyoderma swab samples were taken to assess infection. Cultured isolates underwent emm typing and were compared with previous collection from the same region.

Results: A total of 221 cultured isolates showed 52 different emm types and 16 emm clusters. Strain diversity was high (Simpson reciprocal index, 29.3 [95% confidence interval, 24.8-36.0]), with the highest diversity seen in pyoderma and the lowest in pharyngitis. Based on available cross-opsonization data, the 30-valent M-protein vaccine candidate would cover 50.8% of the isolates, but cross-opsonization data are unknown for 38.5% of them. The emm clusters showed lower diversity and were stable over time, with 4 clusters defining 65.2% of the isolates; 68% of isolates were collected from skin sites (carriage and pyoderma), with evidence of skin-to-throat transmission in the same host.

Conclusions: This study provides a unique molecular analysis of skin and throat isolates prospectively collected from persons with carriage and noninvasive infection in Africa. Despite high strain diversity, 4 clusters included two-thirds of the isolates, representing antigen priorities for broad vaccine coverage. In this rheumatic fever-endemic setting, pyoderma and skin carriage represent an important S. pyogenes reservoir and should be included in further surveillance studies and public health interventions.

Clinical trials registration: NCT05117528.

Keywords: Streptococcus pyogenes; emm cluster; emm type; epidemiology; vaccine.

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Conflict of interest statement

Potential conflicts of interest. A. Botteaux and P. R. S. are inventors on a submitted patent related to S. pyogenes vaccines. All other authors report no potential conflicts. All authors have submitted the ICMJE Form for Disclosure of Potential Conflicts of Interest. Conflicts that the editors consider relevant to the content of the manuscript have been disclosed.

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