Systematic review of biomechanical forces associated with carotid plaque disruption and stroke

Abstract

Objective: Carotid plaque disruption with release of atheroembolic debris and consequent brain infarction is the primary mechanism for brain injury in patients with carotid stenosis. Disease severity is quantified traditionally by the degree of stenosis, although it is not an accurate marker of stroke risk. It has been proposed that biomechanical forces acting on a carotid plaque may render it vulnerable to rupture by causing adverse remodeling of its morphology or by direct disruption. We conducted a systematic review to assess the forces acting on carotid plaques and their relationship to adverse plaque outcomes.

Methods: A literature search for studies reporting measurements of flow-related biomechanical forces acting on carotid atherosclerotic plaques was conducted using PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science. Studies were included if they reported on human carotid plaques, used patient-specific geometry, measured forces on or in the atherosclerotic lesions, and reported on carotid plaque-related adverse outcomes.

Results: Of 5635 articles screened, 154 met eligibility criteria. Forces were computed using patient-specific arterial geometry derived from multiple imaging modalities, mainly magnetic resonance imaging (58.4%) and ultrasound examination (25.3%). Methodologies used to quantify the forces included computational fluid dynamics (31.8%), finite element analysis (10.4%), fluid-structure interaction models (27.3%), in vivo measurements (29.9%), and in vitro assessments (0.6%). Wall shear stress (WSS) and plaque wall stress (PWS) were the most frequently measured forces, in 72.1% and 45.5% of studies, respectively. Principal PWS (n = 15 studies) and WSS (n = 21 studies) were elevated in patients with adverse outcomes. PWS levels of >160 kPa had a sensitivity of >80% and specificity of >75% in identifying patients with adverse events. Increasing PWS was associated with subsequent ischemic cerebrovascular events (HR=hazard ratio, 12.98 per 1 kPa increase; P = .02). WSS levels of >50 dyn/cm² had a sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 67% in differentiating patients with adverse events (plaque rupture, cerebral infarction, stroke, or transient ischemic attack) compared with those without.

Conclusions: There is heterogeneity in sample size, study design, imaging protocols, image processing methodology, forces assessed, and adverse carotid plaque-related outcomes measured in the literature. Despite these limitations, increasing PWS and WSS were associated with adverse plaque outcomes consistently and predicted adverse outcomes with moderate to high degrees of sensitivity and specificity. Because the information available is heterogenous, these relationships need to be confirmed in larger prospective studies.

Keywords: Atherosclerotic plaque; Carotid artery disease; Cerebral infarction; Plaque wall stress; Stroke; Systematic review; Wall shear stress.