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. 2025 May 16;15(1):17091.
doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-98400-6.

An AI-based automatic leukemia classification system utilizing dimensional Archimedes optimization

Warda M Shaban  1   2
Affiliations

An AI-based automatic leukemia classification system utilizing dimensional Archimedes optimization

Warda M Shaban. Sci Rep. .

Abstract

Leukemia is a common type of blood cancer marked by the abnormal and uncontrolled proliferation and expansion of white blood cells. This anomaly impacts the blood and bone marrow, diminishing the bone marrow's capacity to generate platelets and red blood cells. Abnormal red blood cells in the bloodstream harm various organs, such as the kidneys, liver, and spleen. Detection and classification of infected patients at an early stage can save their lives. In this paper, a new Artificial Intelligence (AI) system is proposed. The proposed system is called Leukemia Classification System (LCS). The proposed LCS composed of five stages, which are; (i) Image Processing Stage (IPS), (ii) Image Segmentation Stage (ISS), (iii) Feature Extraction Stage (FES), (iv) Feature Selection Stage (FSS), and (v) Classification Stage (CS). During IPS, the input images are preprocessed through several processes: resizing, enhancement, and filtering. Next, the preprocessed images are segmented through ISS. Then, two types of features, texture and morphological features, are extracted. We feed these extracted features to FSS, which uses a proposed method to select the most important and effective features. The proposed method is called the Dimensional Archimedes Optimization Algorithm (DAOA). DAOA is based on the Archimedes Optimization Algorithm (AOA) and Dimensional Learning Strategy (DLS). Actually, DLS transmits valuable information about the ideal position of the population in every generation to the personal best position of each individual particle. This improves both the precision and efficiency of convergence while reducing the likelihood of the "two steps forward, one step back" phenomenon. This problem offers a more precise solution. Finally, these selected features are fed to the proposed classification model. Experimental results show that the proposed LCS outperforms the others.

Keywords: Classification; Feature selection; Leukemia; Machine learning.

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Conflict of interest statement

Declarations. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests. Ethical approval: This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors. All methods were performed in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Shows the difference between normal blood and leukemia.
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Shows the classification of blood and leukemia.
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Shows the flowchart of conventional AOA.
Algorithm 1
Algorithm 1
Conventional AOA
Algorithm 2
Algorithm 2
Dimensional Learning Strategy (DLS)
Fig. 4
Fig. 4
Shows the proposed LCS.
Fig. 5
Fig. 5
Shows the process of FES.
Fig. 6
Fig. 6
Shows the flowchart of the proposed DAOA.
Fig. 7
Fig. 7
An illustrative example of DLS.
Algorithm 3
Algorithm 3
The proposed DAOA
Fig. 8
Fig. 8
Shows the proposed classification model.
Fig. 9
Fig. 9
Shows a sample of the used dataset.
Fig. 10
Fig. 10
Comparison of DAOA with standard Meta-heuristics.
Fig. 11
Fig. 11
Comparison of the proposed LCS with different classification methods.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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