Parp1 deletion rescues cerebellar hypotrophy in xrcc1 mutant zebrafish

Abstract

Defects in DNA single-strand break repair are associated with neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders. One such disorder is that resulting from mutations in XRCC1, a scaffold protein that plays a central role in DNA single-strand base repair. XRCC1 is recruited at sites of single-strand breaks by PARP1, a protein that detects and is activated by such breaks and is negatively regulated by XRCC1 to prevent excessive PARP binding and activity. Loss of XRCC1 leads to the toxic accumulation and activity of PARP1 at single-strand breaks leading to base excision repair defects, a mechanism that may underlie pathological changes in patients carrying deleterious XRCC1 mutations. Here, we demonstrate that xrcc1 knockdown impairs development of the cerebellar plate in zebrafish. In contrast, parp1 knockdown alone does not significantly affect neural development, and instead rescues the cerebellar defects observed in xrcc1 mutant larvae. These findings support the notion that PARP1 inhibition may be a viable therapeutic candidate in neurological disorders.

Keywords: parp1; xrcc1; Cerebellar development; Zebrafish.

Fig. 1

Differentially expressed genes in xrcc1 crispants. (a) Genes that were significantly changed in both gRNA-t1/2 and gRNA-t5/6 crispants. Axes show − 1×log₂ (fold change) in crispants compared to controls. Dot size indicates log₁₀(mean false discovery rate). Lens proteins are highlighted in orange. (b) Normalized counts in controls (ctl) and crispants (mut) for selected genes that were differentially expressed in both experiments.

Fig. 2

Reduced cerebellar plate volume in xrcc1 crispants. (a) Coronal section through the cerebellum of the voxelwise p-value map for voxel volume in controls versus mutants. Color bar indicates − 1×log₁₀(p-value). Lower panel: Same section from ZBB atlas showing cells (grey) and neuropil (blue). Dotted line marks the upper boundary of the cerebellar commissure (cec) that separates the cerebellar plate (CeP) from the prepontine tegmentum (Tg). At this level, CeP is positioned ventrally to the midbrain optic tectum (TeO). (b) Volume (as percentage of total brain volume) of the affected part of the lateral cerebellar plate (LCeP) in second experiment using gRNAs-t5/6. N = 14 controls, 17 crispants. (c) 3D projection from the Zebrafish Brain Browser superimposing on a brain model, the location of voxels that during brain registration, had to be inflated more in crispants than in controls (indicating areas that were smaller in the crispants). (d) Coronal section (same plane as in (a)), through map of p-values for changes in voxel volume in xrcc1 crispants derived from combining gRNA-t1/2 and gRNA-t5/6 experiments using ANOVA at each voxel. Color scale indicates -log₁₀(p-value). p-values greater than 0.01 removed. Red square shows region shown in (e). Black outline in right cerebellum corresponds to outlines in (e). (e) Characterization of the affected area by comparison to expression in transgenic lines elavl3:nls-GFP (marking neuronal somas) and neurod: GFP, and hybridization chain reaction (HCR) fluorescent in situ images for sox2, zic2a and en1b.

Fig. 3

Rescue of xrcc1 crispant cerebellar phenotype by parp1 deletion. (a) Volume of the lateral cerebellar plate (LCeP) in controls (ctl) and parp1 crispants (parp). N = 13,12. (b) Volume of the LCeP in control larvae (ctl), xrcc1 crispants (xrcc ; gRNA-t1/2) and xrcc1, parp1 double crispants (dbl ; xrcc1 gRNA-t1/2 and parp1 gRNA-t6/8). N = 16,14,12 respectively. * t-test p < 0.01. (c) qPCR for tp53 in controls (ctl), xrcc1 crispants (xrcc) and xrcc1, parp1 double crispants (dbl). * t-test p = 0.018, ** p = 0.001.