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. 2025 Apr 22:46:101001.
doi: 10.1016/j.bbih.2025.101001. eCollection 2025 Jul.

The relationship between self-reported adverse experiences and depressive symptoms among middle-aged and elderly individuals: A longitudinal study based on the CHARLS database

Feng Jiang  1 , Xifei Guan  1 , Zhixin Zhu  1 , Nawen Liu  1 , Hua Gu  2 , Xiuyang Li  1
Affiliations

The relationship between self-reported adverse experiences and depressive symptoms among middle-aged and elderly individuals: A longitudinal study based on the CHARLS database

Feng Jiang et al. Brain Behav Immun Health. .

Abstract

Background: Adverse experiences are critical determinants of late-life depressive symptomatology. Understanding how these experiences influence later-life health outcomes remains a research priority. This study examines the longitudinal associations between self-reported adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and adverse adult experiences (AAEs) with depressive symptoms in older adults, as well as the underlying mechanisms.

Methods: A sample of 3941 adults aged ≥45 years from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) was analyzed. K-means for Longitudinal Data (KML), Logistic regression, and Bayesian Kernel Machine Regression (BKMR) models were employed to assess the effects of adverse experiences. Subgroup and mediation analyses were also performed.

Results: The high depressive symptomatology cluster (n = 1432) demonstrated significant associations with six ACEs: childhood hunger (OR = 1.23, 95%CI:1.03-1.47), dangerous growth environments (OR = 1.34, 95%CI:1.09-1.65), childhood loneliness (OR = 1.45, 95%CI:1.20-1.74), bullying (OR = 1.2, 95%CI:1.01-1.43), parental depression (OR = 1.80, 95%CI:1.50-2.16), and parental disability (OR = 1.44, 95%CI:1.03-2.02). Comprehensive effect estimation of ACEs indicated an 85.9% probability of a high depression score for those with all adverse experiences. AAEs like prolonged bed rest (OR = 1.39, 95%CI:1.08-1.79), and lifetime discrimination (OR = 1.37, 95%CI:1.12-1.66) independently predicted symptom severity. Effect modification analysis revealed stronger ACE impacts among individuals with higher cognitive reserve (OR = 3.32, 95%CI:2.34-4.70). Mediation analysis identified arthritis or rheumatism as a partial mediator of the ACE-depression pathway (natural indirect effect = 1.04, 95%CI:1.02-1.05).

Conclusions: Self-reported ACEs and AAEs demonstrate persistent associations with depressive symptoms in later life, mediated by chronic morbidity and moderated by cognitive reserve.

Keywords: Adverse adulthood experience; Adverse childhood experience; Bayesian kernel machine regress.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Overall Effect Plot of the BKMR model. Note:ChHunger means childhood hunger, HazEnv means dangerous growth environment, Alone means childhood loneliness, ParDep means parental depression, ParDis means parental disability.
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Subgroup analysis forest plot.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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