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Review
. 2025 Apr-Jun;47(2):e20240138.
doi: 10.1590/2175-8239-JBN-2024-0138en.

Visceral leishmaniasis in kidney transplant recipients and candidates: an integrative review of the last 20 years

[Article in English, Portuguese]
Affiliations
Review

Visceral leishmaniasis in kidney transplant recipients and candidates: an integrative review of the last 20 years

[Article in English, Portuguese]
Osvaldo Mariano Viana Neto et al. J Bras Nefrol. 2025 Apr-Jun.

Abstract

Introduction: Leishmaniasis is a potential concern for solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients, particularly those from endemic regions. Among SOT procedures, kidney transplantation (KT) is the most common. This study aims to synthesize the evidence about visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in KT candidates and recipients, with a focus on risk factors and associated outcomes.

Methods: This integrative review analyzed studies from the past 20 years, focusing on disease profile, treatment, prognosis, and risk of asymptomatic infection.

Results: A total of 32 articles were included. Of the KT recipients, 85.7% were male, with an average age of 42.5 years. The average timespan since symptom onset was 54.7 months. Renal function impairment was reported in 64% of patients, with an associated mortality rate of 15%. Post-treatment relapse occurred in 10-37.5% of patients. Among KT candidates, 13.9% were seropositive for Leishmania spp.

Conclusion: VL is an infrequent condition among KT recipients, limiting the quality of the available evidence. Early detection and prompt treatment are crucial for improving outcomes. While renal function impairment is common, it rarely leads to graft rejection. In the reviewed studies, the coexistence of VL and cutaneous or mucocutaneous forms was linked to higher mortality. Recurrences are common and require individualized management strategies. Hemotransfusion poses a potential infection risk, although routine screening in blood banks is not yet recommended.

Introdução:: A leishmaniose é uma possível preocupação para receptores de transplante de órgãos sólidos (TOS), especialmente aqueles provenientes de regiões endêmicas. Dentre os procedimentos de TOS, o transplante renal (TR) é o mais comum. Este estudo tem como objetivo sintetizar as evidências sobre leishmaniose visceral (LV) em candidatos e receptores de TR, com foco nos fatores de risco e desfechos associados.

Metodos:: Esta revisão integrativa analisou estudos dos últimos 20 anos, concentrando-se no perfil da doença, tratamento, prognóstico e risco de infecção assintomática.

Resultados:: Foram incluídos 32 artigos. Dos receptores de TR, 85,7% eram do sexo masculino, com idade média de 42,5 anos. O tempo médio desde o início dos sintomas foi de 54,7 meses. O comprometimento da função renal foi relatado em 64% dos pacientes, com uma taxa de mortalidade associada de 15%. A recidiva pós-tratamento ocorreu em 10-37,5% dos pacientes. Entre os candidatos ao TR, 13,9% apresentaram soropositividade para Leishmania spp.

Conclusão:: A LV é uma condição pouco frequente entre receptores de TR, o que limita a qualidade das evidências disponíveis. A detecção precoce e o tratamento imediato são cruciais para a melhoria dos desfechos. Embora o comprometimento da função renal seja comum, ele raramente leva à rejeição do enxerto. Nos estudos revisados, a coexistência de LV e formas cutâneas ou mucocutâneas esteve associada a maior mortalidade. As recidivas são comuns e exigem estratégias de manejo individualizadas. A hemotransfusão representa um potencial risco de infecção, embora a triagem de rotina em bancos de sangue ainda não seja recomendada.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

Conflict of Interest The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest in the preparation of this manuscript.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1. Study selection flowchart. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) flowchart adapted for integrative reviews.
Figure 2
Figure 2. Bone marrow biopsy (A) and aspirate (B) (hematoxylin-eosin (H&E), 1000x) showing interstitial macrophages containing numerous rounded microorganisms (amastigotes) in the cytoplasm (arrows), compatible with Leishmania spp. (Fazzio CSJ and Farias LABG with permission).
Figure 3
Figure 3. Renal biopsy showing visceral leishmaniasis-associated nephropathy (Methenamine Silver, 400x). Tubule and interstitium with inflammatory infiltrate, mostly composed of lymphocytes and macrophage (larger arrows); acute tubular epithelial degenerative changes and tubulitis (smaller arrows). (Baptista MASF with permission).
Figura 1
Figura 1. Fluxograma de seleção dos estudos. Fluxograma do Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) adaptado para revisões integrativas.
Figura 2.
Figura 2.. Biópsia de medula óssea (A) e aspirado (B) (hematoxilina-eosina (H&E), 1000x) mostrando macrófagos intersticiais contendo numerosos microrganismos arredondados (amastigotas) no citoplasma (setas), compatíveis com Leishmania spp. (Fazzio CSJ e Farias LABG com permissão).
Figura 3
Figura 3. Biópsia renal mostrando nefropatia associada à leishmaniose visceral (metenamina de prata, 400x). Túbulo e interstício com infiltrado inflamatório, composto principalmente de linfócitos e macrófagos (setas maiores); alterações degenerativas epiteliais tubulares agudas e tubulite (setas menores). (Baptista MASF com permissão).

References

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