Major ion chemistry and suitability of groundwater resources for different utilizations in mica mining areas, Jharkhand, India

Abstract

Groundwater resources in mica mining areas of Jharkhand are vital for local communities, agriculture, and domestic utilization. The study investigates the major ion chemistry of groundwater in the mica mining regions, focusing on key physicochemical parameters such as pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), and concentrations of major cations (Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Na⁺, K⁺) and anions (HCO₃⁻, Cl⁻, SO₄²⁻, NO₃⁻, F^-). Groundwater samples from the study area were collected before the monsoon season, during the monsoon season, and after the monsoon season. The hydro-chemical analysis reveals that groundwater in the mica mining zones exhibits elevated levels of dissolved ions, with NO₃⁻, F^-, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺ and total hardness exceeding permissible limits set by Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) for drinking purposes at some locations. Water Quality Index (WQI) assessments suggest that a significant proportion of groundwater samples fall into the "good" to "very good" category for drinking and about 29% of the samples fall under the "poor" category. The groundwater was generally suitable for irrigational use with exception of a few due to high salinity. The principal component analysis revealed rock weathering as a dominant source of ions along with anthropogenic sources like mining and agriculture contributing minorly to the ionic load. The predominant hydro-chemical facies identified were Ca-Mg-HCO₃ and Ca-Mg-Cl-SO₄ types. Both carbonate and silicate weathering play an important role in the geochemical signature of the groundwater in the area. The study implicates the potential health impacts of using the groundwater as drinking water without treatment at a few locations owing to high fluoride, nitrate and dissolved solids. The study also highlights the need for sustainable water management practices and regular monitoring of groundwater quality to mitigate the anthropogenic impacts on groundwater resources.

Keywords: Drinking water suitability; Groundwater quality; Irrigational suitability; Mica mining; Principal component analysis; Water quality index.

Fig. 1

Land-use land cover map of the study area with the sampling locations of groundwater

Fig. 2

Spatio-temporal variation of total dissolved solids (TDS) in the groundwater of the study area

Fig. 3

Spatio-temporal variation of Fluoride concentrations in the groundwater of the study area

Fig. 4

Spatio-temporal variation of Nitrate concentrations in the groundwater of the study area

Fig. 5

Water Quality Index (WQI) values of the groundwater for the three seasons in the study area

Fig. 6

US Salinity diagram for classification of groundwater of the study area for irrigational purpose

Fig. 7

Plot of sodium percent versus electrical conductivity (after Wilcox 1955) of the groundwater of the study area

Fig. 8

Spatio-temporal variation of magnesium hazard of the groundwater in the study area

Fig. 9

Dendrogram plot elaborating Hierarchical clusters based on the major groundwater quality parameters

Fig. 10

Piper’s trilinear diagram showing the hydrochemical facies of the groundwater of study area

Fig. 11

Gibbs plot showing the ratios of (a) Na⁺+K⁺/(Na⁺+K⁺ +Ca²⁺) and (b) Cl⁻ + NO₃⁻/ (Cl⁻ + NO₃⁻ + HCO₃⁻) as a function of TDS values

Fig. 12

Scatter plot between (a) Ca²⁺ + Mg²⁺ versus HCO₃⁻ + SO₄²⁻, (b) Ca²⁺ + Mg²⁺ versus HCO₃⁻, (c) Ca²⁺ + Mg²⁺ versus total cations (TZ⁺), (d) Na⁺ + K⁺ versus TZ⁺, (e) Ca²⁺ + Mg²⁺ versus Na⁺ + K⁺, (f) Mg²⁺ / Na⁺ versus Ca²⁺ / Na⁺ relating carbonate and silicate end members (mM)