Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2025 May 19;20(1):39.
doi: 10.1186/s13006-025-00734-4.

Association between postpartum anxiety and depression and exclusive and continued breastfeeding practices: a cross-sectional study in Nevada, USA

Smriti Neupane  1 , Ann M Vuong  2 , Amanda Haboush-Deloye  1   3 , Kaleigh Mancha  4 , Gabriela Buccini  5
Affiliations

Association between postpartum anxiety and depression and exclusive and continued breastfeeding practices: a cross-sectional study in Nevada, USA

Smriti Neupane et al. Int Breastfeed J. .

Abstract

Background: Exclusive (EBF) and continued breastfeeding (CBF) as defined by the World Health Organization are the optimal feeding practices. Perinatal Mental Health Conditions (PMHCs) such as anxiety and depression may influence breastfeeding practices. We aimed to examine if maternal postpartum anxiety and depression symptoms, individually and combined (comorbid), influence EBF and CBF practices.

Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted between November 2022 and March 2023 with 326 mothers of children 0-23 months old, all residing in Clark County, Nevada, USA. Descriptive, bivariate, and multivariable logistic regression analyses were conducted to examine the association between self-reported postpartum anxiety and depression symptoms and EBF and CBF in the 24 h prior to the survey.

Results: The prevalence of EBF among infants under 6 months old and CBF among children 6-23 months old was 36.3% (n = 41) and 52.1% (n = 111), respectively. After adjusting for maternal socio-demographic, perinatal, and infant/child characteristics, decreased odds of EBF were associated with the presence of postpartum depressive symptoms (AOR 0.13; 95% CI 0.03,0.55) and the comorbid presence of postpartum anxiety and depression symptoms (AOR 0.16; 95% CI 0.04,0.66). Similarly, decreased odds of CBF were associated with the presence of postpartum anxiety symptoms (AOR 0.36; 95% CI 0.16,0.82).

Conclusion: Postpartum anxiety and depression symptoms decreased the odds of breastfeeding practices among mothers of children under two years old in Clark County, Nevada. However, the relationship may be bidirectional or inverse, requiring further research to clarify. Culturally appropriate interventions to reduce postpartum anxiety and depression are essential to improve breastfeeding practices.

Keywords: Breastfeeding; Continued breastfeeding; Exclusive breastfeeding; Maternal mental health; Mothers; Postpartum anxiety; Postpartum depression.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

Declarations. Ethical approval and consent to participate: Ethical approval was granted by the Institutional Review Board (Protocol UNLV-2022-372) of the University of Nevada, Las Vegas. Informed consent was received prior to the beginning of the survey. Consent for publication: Not applicable. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Prevalence of postpartum anxiety and depression symptoms according to exclusive and continued breastfeeding
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

    1. World Health Organization. Indicators for assessing infant and young child feeding practices: definitions and measurement methods. Available: https://www.who.int/publications-detail-redirect/9789240018389. Accessed 23 Apr 2024.
    1. Victora CG, Bahl R, Barros AJ, França GV, Horton S, Krasevec J, Murch S, Sankar MJ, Walker N, Rollins NC. Lancet breastfeeding series group. breastfeeding in the 21st century: epidemiology, mechanisms, and lifelong effect. Lancet. 2016;387(10017):475–90. - DOI - PubMed
    1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Breastfeeding data. Available: https://www.cdc.gov/breastfeeding-data/survey/results.html. Accessed 3 Apr 2025.
    1. Mental Health Technology Transfer Center (MHTTC). Network. Perinatal mental health. Available: https://mhttcnetwork.org/perinatal-mental-health/#:~:text=Perinatal%20Me.... Accessed 5 Aug 2024.
    1. Meltzer-Brody S, Howard LM, Bergink V, Vigod S, Jones I, Munk-Olsen T, Honikman S, Milgrom J. Postpartum psychiatric disorders. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2018;4:18022. - DOI - PubMed