Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2025 May 19;44(1):163.
doi: 10.1186/s41043-025-00925-z.

Association of life's crucial 9 score with benign prostatic hyperplasia: a cross-sectional study

Haoran Wang #  1 , Runhua Tang #  1 , Shuhang Luo  1 , Huimin Hou  1   2   3 , Jianyong Liu  4 , Ming Liu  5   6   7 , Jianye Wang  8   9
Affiliations

Association of life's crucial 9 score with benign prostatic hyperplasia: a cross-sectional study

Haoran Wang et al. J Health Popul Nutr. .

Abstract

Background: Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and prostate cancer (PCa) are prevalent prostate diseases in aging male populations, with significant implications for quality of life and healthcare burden. While cardiovascular health (CVH) and lifestyle factors have been linked to aging and chronic diseases, their association with prostate diseases remains underexplored.

Objective: This study investigates the relationship between CVH, assessed using the Life's Crucial 9 (LC9) score, and the risk of prostate diseases, including BPH and PCa, in a large UK cohort.

Methods: Data from 26,656 male participants in the UK Biobank were analyzed. The LC9 score, an expanded CVH metric incorporating mental health, was calculated based on physical, metabolic, and psychological factors. Logistic regression and restricted cubic spline analyses were performed to examine associations between the LC9 score and prostate diseases. Subgroup and interaction analyses were conducted to explore potential modifiers.

Results: A higher LC9 score was significantly associated with a lower risk of BPH in both continuous and categorical models (P < 0.001). The association demonstrated a linear dose-response relationship, with the inflection point at an LC9 score of 72.5. Subgroup analysis revealed stronger protective effects in participants with lower socioeconomic deprivation. However, no significant association was observed between the LC9 score and PCa risk, even in subgroup analyses.

Conclusions: This study highlights the importance of overall cardiovascular and psychological health in reducing BPH risk, emphasizing the need for sustained healthy behaviors. The absence of a significant link between the LC9 score and PCa suggests distinct pathophysiological mechanisms and warrants further research. These findings provide valuable insights for targeted prevention and management strategies in prostate health.

Keywords: Cardiovascular health; Lifestyle factors; Prevention; Prostate diseases.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

Declarations. Ethics approval and consent to participate: The ethical approval for the UK Biobank research was granted by the North West Multicenter Research Ethical Committee, and written informed consent was obtained from all the participants during the baseline recruitment to the UK Biobank. This current study was specifically approved by the UK Biobank under application number 332912. Consent for publication: The authors consent to the publication of the submitted manuscript. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Flowchart showing the selection of the studied population in UKB cohort
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
A. Association between LC9 score and BPH visualised by restricted cubic splines. B. Association between LC9 score and PCa visualised by restricted cubic splines
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Similar articles

See all similar articles

References

    1. Li B, Chen C, Chen Z, et al. Epidemiological investigation of sex hormones and their metabolism-related gene single nucleotide polymorphisms in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia complicated with late-onset hypogonadism: a retrospective cohort study. Int J Surg. 2024;110(12):7840–51. 10.1097/JS9.0000000000001557. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Zhang F, Zhang A, Tao J, Zhang M, Liang C. Exploring the association between caffeine intake and benign prostatic hyperplasia: results from the NHANES 2005–2008. Front Nutr. 2024;11:1511607. 10.3389/fnut.2024.1511607. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Chesnaye NC, Ortiz A, Zoccali C, Stel VS, Jager KJ. The impact of population ageing on the burden of chronic kidney disease. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2024;20(9):569–85. 10.1038/s41581-024-00863-9. - PubMed
    1. Frendl DM, Chou WH, Chen YW, Chang DC, Kim MM. Early vs delayed transurethral surgery in acute urinary retention: does timing make a difference?? J Urol. 2023;210(3):492–9. 10.1097/JU.0000000000003559. - PubMed
    1. Delgado J, Porto JG, Bhatia A, et al. Functional outcomes of single-session holmium laser enucleation of the prostate and high-intensity focused ultrasound in management of patients with prostate cancer and enlarged prostate: results from a pilot study. World J Urol. 2024;43(1):53. 10.1007/s00345-024-05424-0. - PMC - PubMed

LinkOut - more resources