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. 2025 Aug;100(8):1397-1407.
doi: 10.1002/ajh.27721. Epub 2025 May 20.

Mixed Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia: A Systematic Review of Epidemiology, Clinical Characteristics, Therapies, and Outcomes

Jeremy W Jacobs  1 , Sheharyar Raza  2   3 , Landon M Clark  4 , Laura D Stephens  5 , Elizabeth S Allen  5 , Jennifer S Woo  6 , Rachel Lane Walden  7 , Cristina A Figueroa Villalba  8 , Christopher A Tormey  8 , Caroline G Stanek  9 , Brian D Adkins  10 , Evan M Bloch  11 , Garrett S Booth  1
Affiliations

Mixed Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia: A Systematic Review of Epidemiology, Clinical Characteristics, Therapies, and Outcomes

Jeremy W Jacobs et al. Am J Hematol. 2025 Aug.

Abstract

Mixed autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) is a rare and clinically complex hematologic disorder defined by the simultaneous presence of both warm and cold autoantibodies, resulting in severe and often treatment-resistant hemolysis. Due to variability in diagnostic criteria and limited data, a comprehensive understanding of its epidemiology, clinical characteristics, and management remains incomplete. To address these gaps, we performed a systematic literature review employing stringent diagnostic criteria to evaluate epidemiologic patterns, clinical features, and therapeutic outcomes. Our analysis included 81 patients identified across 35 studies, revealing a median age of 45 years and a notable female predominance (2.25:1). Autoimmune diseases constituted the most frequent underlying etiology, followed by hematologic malignancies and infections. Patients exhibited significant anemia, with median nadir hemoglobin levels reaching 5.6 g/dL. Corticosteroids represented the most common therapeutic intervention; however, only 43% of patients achieved remission, while 37% experienced chronic hemolysis, and mortality reached 11%. Many patients required multiple lines of therapy, including rituximab and cytotoxic agents, highlighting the disease's refractory nature and management complexity. The substantial variability in diagnostic and therapeutic approaches emphasizes an urgent need for standardized diagnostic criteria, earlier integration of combination therapies, and exploration of innovative treatment modalities. Future prospective, multicenter studies are essential to refine disease recognition, optimize therapeutic strategies, and ultimately improve patient outcomes in mixed AIHA.

Keywords: hemolysis; hemolytic anemia; mixed AIHA; mixed autoimmune hemolysis; mixed autoimmune hemolytic anemia; mixed‐type autoimmune hemolytic anemia.

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Conflict of interest statement

E.M.B. reports personal fees and non‐financial support from Grifols, Abbott, UptoDate, Tegus, and Health Advances outside of the submitted work. E.M.B. is a co‐investigator on a US government funded clinical trial evaluating Mirasol Pathogen Reduction Technology. E.M.B. is a member of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Blood Products Advisory Committee. Any views or opinions expressed in this manuscript are his and are based on his own scientific expertise and professional judgment; they do not necessarily represent the views of the Blood Products Advisory Committee or the formal position of the FDA and also do not bind or otherwise obligate or commit either the Advisory Committee or the FDA to the views expressed. The other authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Figures

FIGURE 1
FIGURE 1
PRISMA flow diagram for systematic review.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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