Abdominal vascular compression syndromes: A pictorial review

Abstract

Abdominal vascular compression syndromes (AVCS) refer to the entrapment of blood vessels between surfaces in a restricted space, a phenomenon that may cause clinical manifestations and can be identified using imaging methods. Although uncommon, their hemodynamic repercussions may lead to potential morbidity and should therefore be recognized by radiologists, who play a crucial role in diagnosing these conditions. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CECT) is the imaging modality of choice, primarily valued for its precision in identifying anatomical abnormalities, thereby facilitating appropriate management and reducing the risk of subsequent complications. Follow-up may range from conservative to invasive approaches, including surgical and endovascular procedures. This pictorial review focuses on the main imaging patterns of AVCS. Our objective is to enhance radiologists' ability to discern abdominal vascular anatomy, its interrelations with neighboring structures and its variants, and assist in the analysis of potential etiologies and pathophysiological mechanisms associated with these anomalies.

Keywords: Iliac vein compression syndrome; Median arcuate ligament syndrome; Renal nutcracker syndrome; Superior mesenteric artery syndrome; Vascular compression.