Exploring the Role of Pattern Recognition Receptors as Immunostimulatory Molecules

Abstract

Background: Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) are the receptors of the innate immune system that play a vital role in initiating innate immune response. PRRs recognize pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and activate immune cells through a signaling cascade. Due to this remarkable ability to recognize pathogenic microbes and elucidation of an immune response in a well-organized manner, PRR agonizts are likely to have great potential as vaccine adjuvants. Recent advancements in vaccine development raised concerns regarding the reduced immunogenicity of various vaccines, questioning the vaccine efficacy. In such cases, the use of an adjuvant becomes crucial. Understanding the structure and downstream signaling of PRRs will provide the possibility of developing a novel therapeutic approach.

Method: The rapidly evolving field of immunology and vaccinology, coupled with the increasing focus on PRRs in disease therapy, demands a comprehensive overview. In this review, we provide all-inclusive and contemporary gist on PRRs and the applications of their agonizts. We explored the potential of PRR agonizts as vaccine adjuvant. The current review integrates the basic understanding of PRRs and recent findings highlighting emerging trends of the same.

Result: Our review highlights that combining multiple PRR agonizts could offer synergistic benefits. This approach might prove advantageous and could potentially enhance vaccine efficacy and reduce the need for excessive immunogens.

Conclusion: A comprehensive understanding of PRR subset, agonizts of PRR and their application in vaccine adjuvant. This knowledge will be significant in formulating vaccine approaches.

Keywords: CLRs; DNA sensors; NLRs; PRRs; RLRs; STING; TLRs; adjuvants; vaccines.