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. 2025 Apr 15;37(1-3):3.
doi: 10.1007/s44445-025-00002-5.

Comparative analysis of shear bond strength and debonding characteristics of bioactive versus conventional orthodontic adhesives: An in-vitro study

Kawthar Bukhari  1   2 , Rawan Alaydaa  2 , Rana Alhazmi  2 , Abdulaziz Alharbi  2 , Omar Alahmadi  2 , Muhammad Zafar  3   4   5 , Asim Almarhoumi  6   7
Affiliations

Comparative analysis of shear bond strength and debonding characteristics of bioactive versus conventional orthodontic adhesives: An in-vitro study

Kawthar Bukhari et al. Saudi Dent J. .

Abstract

Adhesives are essential for attaching orthodontic brackets to the tooth surface and ensuring safe removal during debonding. ACTIVA™ BioACTIVE-Restorative (ABR) is a bioactive composite with potential advantages. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the shear bond strength (SBS) and adhesive remnant index (ARI) of ACTIVA™ BioACTIVE-Restorative (ABR) with conventional adhesives, including Transbond XT™ (TXT) and Orthocem™ (OC). A total of 51 human maxillary premolars were distributed randomly into three groups (n = 17). Each group was bonded with one adhesive following the manufacturer's protocols. Then were subjected to 5000 thermocycles to simulate oral conditions. SBS was measured using a universal testing machine, and ARI scores were visually analysed under magnification. Statistical analysis was conducted using one-way ANOVA and chi-squared tests, with a 0.05 level of significance. Mean SBS values were 11.26 MPa, 12.52 MPa, and 12.96 MPa for ABR, TXT, and OC, respectively, with no significant differences (p = 0.513). ARI analysis revealed significant differences (p = 0.009) as ABR predominantly exhibited ARI 3 scores, indicating no adhesive remnants on enamel. In contrast, TXT and OC groups showed higher adhesive retention. ABR demonstrated shear bond strength comparable to conventional adhesives, meeting the clinical thresholds for orthodontic use. But demonstrated more complete adhesive failure in the enamel-adhesive interface rather than cohesive failure within the adhesive material like in TXT and OC.

Keywords: Adhesive Remnant Index (ARI); Bioactive materials; Debonding characteristics; Orthodontic adhesives; Shear bond strength.

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Conflict of interest statement

Declarations. Ethical compliance: Ethical approval was granted by Taibah University College of Dentistry Research Ethics Committee. The study registration number is TUCDREC/030424/KBukhari. All procedures performed in studies were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments. Conflict of interest: The authors declare that there was no conflict of interest on publication date.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Shear bond strength test setup for an orthodontic bracket, with a blade applying force to evaluate the adhesive bond
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Adhesive Remnant Index (ARI): (a) to (d) correspond with ARI score from 1 to 4. (Black arrow and outline: adhesive material. White arrow: bracket base. Red arrow and outline: enamel fragment) Note image (d) indicates an ARI score of 4, where there is excessive bond strength leading to the fracture of an enamel fragment, a sign of overly strong adhesive bonding
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Box and whisker plot for mean shear bond strength (SBS) in MPa per group: Transbond XT (TXT), Orthocem (OC) and Activa BioActive-Restorative (ABR)
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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