Conflict of interest: T. Yanagihara reports grants from Boehringer Ingelheim, outside the submitted work. R.D. Mirza reports being a site co-PI for an investigator-initiated Bristol Myers Squibb-funded study. M.R.J. Kolb reports grants from Boehringer Ingelheim, United Therapeutics and Structure Therapeutics, consulting fees from Boehringer Ingelheim, Roche, Horizon, Abbvie, Bellerophon, CSL Behring, United Therapeutics, Fortrea, Structure Therapeutics, AstraZeneca, Sanofi, GSK, Avalyn and Trevi, payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, manuscript writing or educational events from GSK, Novartis and Boehringer Ingelheim, payment for expert testimony from Roche and Boehringer Ingelheim, participation on a data safety monitoring board or advisory board with United Therapeutics and Fortrea, and an allowance as Chief Editor of the ERJ from the European Respiratory Society.