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Review
. 2025 Sep-Oct;53(7):773-790.
doi: 10.1111/ceo.14559. Epub 2025 May 24.

Real-World 10-Year Outcomes of Anti-VEGF Therapy for Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration: A Meta-Analysis

Kimberly Spooner  1   2   3 , Geoffrey Broadhead  1   2   4 , Samantha Fraser-Bell  2   5   6   7 , Thomas Hong  1   7 , James G Wong  2   5   7   8 , Andrew A Chang  1   2   5   7   8
Affiliations
Review

Real-World 10-Year Outcomes of Anti-VEGF Therapy for Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration: A Meta-Analysis

Kimberly Spooner et al. Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2025 Sep-Oct.

Abstract

Background: This study examines the long-term effectiveness of anti-VEGF therapy in managing neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD). Despite the well-established short-term improvements of anti-VEGF therapy, there is limited data on its continued efficacy over extended periods. This meta-analysis synthesises real-world data to evaluate anti-VEGF therapy's long-term outcomes systematically.

Methods: We conducted a comprehensive literature review across PubMed, EMBASE and Cochrane databases, focusing on studies that reported outcomes of anti-VEGF treatment for nAMD over a decade. The analysis included pooling baseline patient characteristics, study designs, sample sizes and changes in visual acuity (VA) over 10 years.

Results: Our search produced 12 observational studies encompassing 7509 eyes, with 1274 completing 10-years of follow-up. The most substantial improvement in VA was observed in the first year following the initiation of anti-VEGF therapy. On average, there was a decline of 8.11 letters in VA after 10 years from baseline (95% CI -10.83 to -5.39, p < 0.01). In some cases, VA reverted to baseline levels after 10 years; in others, it declined significantly below baseline. Meta-regression showed that mean VA change was greater in those with a lower baseline VA and those treated with a higher number of injections over 10-years(p < 0.01).

Conclusion: Our findings suggest that the mean visual acuity of eyes treated for nAMD deteriorates progressively over the long-term from two years after starting treatment. Regular injections appear crucial for preserving maximum vision. While our analysis did not identify an increased incidence of serious ocular adverse events, the long-term impact of anti-VEGF therapy on geographic atrophy remains unclear and warrants further investigation.

Keywords: anti‐VEGF; durability; long‐term; neovascular AMD.

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Conflict of interest statement

Dr. Andrew A. Chang has consulted for Novartis, Bayer, Roche, Opthea, Apellis, Astellas, Zeiss and Alcon. Dr. Samantha Fraser‐Bell has consulted for Bayer, Novartis, Roche and Allergan an AbbVie company. Dr. James G. Wong has acted as a consultant for Bayer, Novartis, Roche and Allergan an AbbVie company. Kimberly Spooner is currently an employee of Boehringer‐Ingelheim, Germany. BI had no affiliation with this work. Thomas Hong has consulted for Bayer.

Figures

FIGURE 1
FIGURE 1
Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta‐analysis (PRIMSA) flow diagram.
FIGURE 2
FIGURE 2
Pooled change in VA at 1‐year (LogMAR) letters.
FIGURE 3
FIGURE 3
Pooled change in visual acuity (VA) at 10‐years (LogMAR) letters.
FIGURE 4
FIGURE 4
Proportion eyes gaining > 10 letters at year 10.
FIGURE 5
FIGURE 5
Proportion eyes losing > 10 letters at year 10.
FIGURE 6
FIGURE 6
Proportion eyes achieving a final visual acuity of > 70 letters at year 10.
FIGURE 7
FIGURE 7
Proportion eyes achieving a final visual acuity of < 35 letters at year 10.
FIGURE 8
FIGURE 8
Change in central macular thickness (CMT) at 10‐years.
FIGURE 9
FIGURE 9
Final central macular thickness (CMT) at 10 years.
FIGURE 10
FIGURE 10
Proportion of patients with macular atrophy at 10 years.
FIGURE 11
FIGURE 11
Number of injections administered in year 1.
FIGURE 12
FIGURE 12
Cumulative total number of injections administered over 10 years.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

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