Global Perspectives on Allergen Labeling: Harmonization of Regulations and Practices

Abstract

The prevention of allergic reactions relies on avoiding allergenic foods making it crucial to accurately label products and provide clear information to customers. The "Big Eight" allergenic foods (milk, eggs, peanuts, tree nuts, shellfish, fish, soybeans, and wheat) recommended by the Codex Alimentarius form the basis of the global allergy labeling system. Nevertheless, countries worldwide have developed their own labeling systems tailored to their unique dietary habits and allergy prevalence. With the increase in global food trade and allergy rates, inconsistent international food allergy labeling can jeopardize consumer safety and confuse manufacturers. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the Big Eight allergenic foods and a comparative analysis of allergen labeling regulations across various global regions. It highlights the need for internationally consistent labeling standards, and harmonized approaches for precautionary allergen labeling as well as emphasizes global efforts to enhance the identification of allergenic foods. Furthermore, this review aims to enhance global food safety management, promote international cooperation, and help consumers make informed food choices.

Keywords: Food allergy; allergen labelling, cross reactivity; allergen regulation; food labeling; management.

Figure. Global comparison of PAL regulations.

Most countries do not have specific regulations for PAL. However, Switzerland, South Africa, Argentina, and Brazil only allow PAL if there is scientific evidence of cross-contamination. In Japan, PAL is prohibited by law, and allergenic foods that exceed 10 ppm must be labeled, regardless of intent. Although voluntary threshold labeling is not legally mandated in Australia and New Zealand, it is recommended. Notably, South Korea is the only country where PAL is mandated by law. PAL, precautionary allergen labeling.