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Review
. 2025 May 22;8(5):e70843.
doi: 10.1002/hsr2.70843. eCollection 2025 May.

The Psychopathology of Problematic Smartphone Use (PSU): A Narrative Review of Burden, Mediating Factors, and Prevention

Egide Ndayambaje  1   2 , Promise Udohchukwu Okereke  3   4   5
Affiliations
Review

The Psychopathology of Problematic Smartphone Use (PSU): A Narrative Review of Burden, Mediating Factors, and Prevention

Egide Ndayambaje et al. Health Sci Rep. .

Abstract

Background & aims: Problematic smartphone use (PSU) has emerged as a growing public health concern, with increasing evidence linking it to mental health issues such as anxiety, depression, and sleep disturbances. While smartphones offer numerous benefits, excessive use can contribute to cognitive overload, emotional distress, and behavioral addiction. This review aims to explore the burden of PSU, its psychological and neurobiological mediating factors, and potential prevention and intervention strategies.

Methods: A narrative literature review was conducted using relevant studies from PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar. Articles were selected based on their relevance to PSU and its associations with mental health conditions, including depression, anxiety, and insomnia. Both theoretical and empirical studies were included to provide a broad perspective on the topic.

Results: Findings indicate that PSU is associated with increased stress, anxiety, depression, and sleep disruptions. The mechanisms underlying these associations include dopaminergic dysregulation, social comparison, Fear of Missing Out, cognitive overload, and poor sleep hygiene. Various interventions, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy, digital detox programs, and smartphone usage tracking applications, have been proposed to mitigate the negative impact of PSU.

Conclusion: PSU is a significant risk factor for mental health disturbances, particularly among adolescents and young adults. Addressing PSU requires a multi-faceted approach involving behavioral interventions, public awareness initiatives, and policy regulations. Further research is needed to assess the long-term effectiveness of existing interventions and to develop tailored strategies for reducing smartphone overuse and its psychological consequences.

Keywords: anxiety; depression; fear of missing out; insomnia; moderating factors; problematic smartphone use (PSU).

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Dopaminergic pathways (source: Haynes, 2018) [35].
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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