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Review
. 2025 May 9:17:1495769.
doi: 10.3389/fnagi.2025.1495769. eCollection 2025.

Early diagnosis of Parkinson's disease: biomarker study

Jing Li  1   2 , Mei Zhang  1 , Chuan-Qing Yu  1 , Min Xue  1 , Pan-Pan Hu  2
Affiliations
Review

Early diagnosis of Parkinson's disease: biomarker study

Jing Li et al. Front Aging Neurosci. .

Abstract

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common chronic degenerative disease with age-dependent increasing prevalence in the elderly. Non-motor symptoms include sensory deficiencies, autonomic dysfunction, psychological and cognitive abnormalities; while motor symptoms are bradykinesia, myotonia, resting tremor, and postural balance difficulties. The clinical diagnosis of PD depends mainly on patients' medical history and physical examination. It is highly important to realize early detection of PD, and biomarkers are a valuable tool in this regard. The present study reviewed the findings of researches from the last few years, involving the advancements in the study of PD biomarkers in blood, cerebrospinal fluid, saliva, urine, tears, imaging, and pathology.

Keywords: Parkinson’s disease; biomarkers; blood; cerebrospinal fluid; imaging; saliva; tears; urine.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Mechanisms of neurodegeneration in Parkinson’s disease.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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