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. 2025 Apr 7;19(2):50-59.
doi: 10.21010/Ajidv19i2.6. eCollection 2025.

DETERMINANTS AND MAPPING OF LEPTOSPIROSIS IN KEBUMEN, INDONESIA: CASE-CONTROL STUDY

Lestari Mugi Rahayu  1 , Nurcandra Fajaria  1 , Buntara Arga  1 , Simanjorang Chandrayani  1
Affiliations

DETERMINANTS AND MAPPING OF LEPTOSPIROSIS IN KEBUMEN, INDONESIA: CASE-CONTROL STUDY

Lestari Mugi Rahayu et al. Afr J Infect Dis. .

Abstract

Background: Leptospirosis is a health concern with a high mortality rate. As of 2022, 9.8% of Indonesians are vulnerable to leptospirosis, and Kebumen Regency has been recognized as an endemic area since 2012. This study aims to identify the determinants and map the incidence of leptospirosis in Kebumen, Indonesia, in 2023.

Material and methods: This study used a 1:1 sample of 53 cases and 53 controls in a case-control study design. Each group was sampled using a purposive sampling technique. Cases were defined as individuals seeking care at a health center or hospital and identified as leptospirosis patients in 2023, while controls were individuals living nearest to the cases. Data analysis for this study involved the use of a logistic regression model.

Results: Individuals with a history of wounds have 40.20 times higher odds of experiencing leptospirosis. Men have 2.58 times higher odds of experiencing leptospirosis, while poor use of personal protective equipment (PPE) increases the odds by 2.27. Leptospirosis risk is elevated in areas where rats and standing water are prevalent, as these factors are typically found nearby. Furthermore, pets at risk are commonly found in high-risk areas.

Conclusion: History of wounds, sex, and use of PPE are factors that can predict the incidence of leptospirosis. Environmental determinant mapping is observed in high-density, geographically proximate locations.

Keywords: Indonesia; case-control; determinants; leptospirosis; mapping; risk factors; zoonotic.

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Conflict of interest statement

All the authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest. List of Abbreviations:aOR:Adjusted Odds Ratio,CDC:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,CFR:Case Fatality Rate,CI:Confidence Interval,DALYs:Disability Adjusted Life Years,GIS:Geographic Information System,OR:Odds Ratio,PPE:Personal Protective Equipment,UI:Uncertainty Intervals,WHO:World Health Organization,YLD:Years of Life with Disability,YLL:Years of Life Lost.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Number of Cases of Leptospirosis in Kebumen, Indonesia
Figure 2
Figure 2
Map of rat distribution based on leptospirosis cases in Kebumen in 2023
Figure 3
Figure 3
Map of water stagnation distribution based on leptospirosis cases in Kebumen in 2023
Figure 4
Figure 4
Map of pet distribution based on leptospirosis cases in Kebumen in 2023
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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