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Review
. 2025 Jun;41(6):812-820.
doi: 10.1007/s12055-024-01787-6. Epub 2024 Aug 3.

Surgery for congenital heart disease in Pakistan-the challenges and solutions

Mahim Akmal Malik  1 , Asad Saulat Fatimi  2 , Alizeh Sonia Fatimi  2 , Shirin Gul Suhail  3 , Abdul Malik Sheikh  4
Affiliations
Review

Surgery for congenital heart disease in Pakistan-the challenges and solutions

Mahim Akmal Malik et al. Indian J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2025 Jun.

Abstract

Managing pediatric and congenital heart disease (CHD) in low- and middle-income countries like Pakistan requires a nuanced approach that extends beyond simply adopting management styles and guidelines developed for high-income countries. This review aims to examine the challenges associated with the surgical management of CHD in Pakistan, addressing the evolving and persistent disease burden while also offering context-specific solutions.

Keywords: Access to care; Congenital heart disease; Global surgery.

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Conflict of interest statement

Competing interestsAll authors certify that they have no affiliations with or involvement in any organization or entity with any financial interest or non-financial interest in the subject matter or materials discussed in this manuscript.

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