Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
Review
. 2025 Jun;41(6):730-744.
doi: 10.1007/s12055-025-01949-0. Epub 2025 May 7.

Late presenting tetralogy of Fallot-surgical management

Sachin Talwar  1 , Niwin George  1   2 , Vishal Vinayak Bhende  3 , Balram Airan  1
Affiliations
Review

Late presenting tetralogy of Fallot-surgical management

Sachin Talwar et al. Indian J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2025 Jun.

Abstract

Late presentation of tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) poses unique diagnostic and management challenges, differing significantly from those diagnosed and treated in infancy. This review discusses the definition and natural history of late-presenting TOF, emphasizing the surgical and perioperative considerations specific to this population. We also explore the role of phlebotomy in managing polycythemic patients, a practice not universally adopted, and highlight postoperative challenges, including residual defects and complications. While discussing the surgical correction of TOF, we analyse the outcomes of specific strategies and the role of elective pulmonary valve replacement in adult patients. This comprehensive overview aims to shed light on the nuances of managing these complex cases.

Keywords: Adult congenital heart disease; Cyanotic congenital heart disease; Follow-up; Older patients; Tetralogy of Fallot.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

Conflict of interestThe authors declare no conflicts of interest.

References

    1. Villafane J, Feinstein JA, Jenkins KJ, Vincent RN, Walsh EP, Dubin AM, et al. Hot topics in tetralogy of Fallot J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;62:2155–66. - PubMed
    1. Abraham KA, Cherian G, Rao VD, Sukumar IP, Krishnaswami S, John S. Tetralogy of Fallot in adults. A report on 147 patients. Am J Med. 1979;66:811–6. 10.1016/0002-9343. - PubMed
    1. Rammohan M, Airan B, Bhan A, Sharma R, Srivastava S, Saxena A, et al. Total correction of tetralogy of Fallot in adults–surgical experience. Int J Cardiol. 1998;63:121–8. 10.1016/s0167-5273(97)00279-9. - PubMed
    1. Neill CA, Clark EB. Tetralogy of Fallot. The first 300 years. Tex Heart Inst J. 1994;21:272–9. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Fallot ELA: Contribution à l’anatomiepathologique de la maladiebleue (cyanosecardiaque). Marseille Médical. 1888(25):77–93.https://search.worldcat.org/en/title/457786038.