ERN ReCONNET-SLICC-SLEuro expert consensus on the therapeutic management of rare systemic lupus erythematosus manifestations

Laurent Arnaud¹, Guillermo Ruiz-Irastorza², Cynthia Aranow³, Sasha Bernatsky⁴, Maria Dall'Era⁵, Olufemi Adelowo⁶, Sang-Cheol Bae⁷, Lorenzo Beretta⁸, Eloisa Bonfa⁹, Ricard Cervera¹⁰, François Chasset¹¹, Ann E Clarke¹², Nathalie Costedoat-Chalumeau¹³, Andrea Doria¹⁴, Gerard Espinosa¹⁰, Antonis Fanouriakis¹⁵, Micaela Fredi¹⁶, Mariele Gatto¹⁷, Dafna D Gladman¹⁸, José A Gomez-Puerta¹⁰, Murat Inanç¹⁹, Luís S Ines²⁰, David Isenberg²¹, Shinji Izuka²², Nikita Khmelinskii²³, Alexandra Legge²⁴, Carla Macieira²³, Odirlei Andre Monticielo²⁵, Eric F Morand²⁶, Roberto Muñoz-Louis²⁷, Ivan Padjen²⁸, Michelle Petri²⁹, Matteo Piga³⁰, Bernardo A Pons-Estel³¹, Giuseppe A Ramirez³², Rosalind Ramsey-Goldman³³, Christophe Richez³⁴, Savino Sciascia³⁵, Carlos Enrique Toro-Gutierrez³⁶, Ronald F Van Vollenhoven³⁷, Edward M Vital³⁸, Maria Gerosa³⁹, Zahi Touma⁴⁰, Marta Mosca⁴¹, Chiara Tani⁴¹; European Reference Network on Rare and Complex Connective Tissue and Musculoskeletal, Diseases; Systemic Lupus Erythematosus International Collaborating Clinics group; European Lupus Society rare systemic lupus erythematosus taskforce member panel

Collaborators, Affiliations

Collaborators

European Lupus Society rare systemic lupus erythematosus taskforce member panel:
Cristiano Alessandri, Anca D Askanase, George Bertsias, Riccardo Bixio, Ashira D Blazer, Barbara C Böckle, Francesca Bottazzi, Hermine I Brunner, Inita Bulina, Irene E M Bultink, Gamal Chehab, Maria Sole Chimenti, Fabrizio Conti, Laura Damian, Jacqueline S Dekkers, Dzifa Dey, Thomas Dörner, Alí Duarte-García, Elena Elefante, Raquel Faria, Francesca Na Faustini, Paul R Fortin, Franco Franceschini, Philipp Gauckler, Sara Guerreiro Castro, Iva Gunnarsson, Ihsane Hmamouchi, Alberta Hoi, Andreas Jönsen, Kenneth Kalunian, Sylvia Kamphuis, Anne-Sophie Korganow, S Sam Lim, Maarten Limper, Lucia Manfredi, Susan Manzi, António Marinho, Thierry Martin, Sandra Meisalu, Luca Moroni, Marzena Olesinska, Giovanni Orsolini, George Omondi Oyoo, Cristina Pamfil, José M Pego-Reigosa, Guillermo Javier Pons-Estel, Anisur Rahman, Simona Rednic, Jorge Sanchez-Guerrero, Davide Schilirò, Raphaele Seror, Elisabet Svenungsson, Farah Tamirou, Dana Tegzová, Maria G Tektonidou, Massimo Triggiani, Simona Truglia, Michel W P Tsang-A-Sjoe, Manuel F Ugarte-Gil, Carlos Vasconcelos, Evelyne Vinet, Alexandre E Voskuyl, Jakub Závada, Julija Zepa

Affiliations

¹ Department of Rheumatology, National Reference Center for Autoimmune Diseases (RESO), INSERM UMR-S 1109, Strasbourg, France. Electronic address: laurent.arnaud@chru-strasbourg.fr.
² Biobizkaia Health Research Institute, University of the Basque Country, Barakaldo, Spain.
³ Department of Medicine and of Molecular Medicine at the Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Hofstra School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
⁴ Department of rheumatology, Centre for Health Outcomes Research and Division of Clinical Epidemiology at the Research Institute of the MUHC, Montreal, QC, Canada.
⁵ Division of Rheumatology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
⁶ Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine Lagos State University Teaching Hospital, Lagos, Nigeria.
⁷ Department of Rheumatology, Hanyang University Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, Hanyang University Institute for Rheumatology Research and Hanyang Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Seoul, South Korea.
⁸ Referral Center for Systemic Autoimmune Diseases Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico di Milano, Milan, Italy.
⁹ Rheumatology Division, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
¹⁰ Department of Rheumatology, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
¹¹ Sorbonne Université, Faculté de médecine, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Service de Dermatologie et Allergologie, Hôpital Tenon, and CIMI, INSERM U1135 Paris, France.
¹² Division of Rheumatology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
¹³ Service de Médecine Interne, Centre de Référence des Maladies Auto-immunes et Auto-inflammatoires Systémiques Rares d'Ile-de-France, de l'Est et de l'Ouest, Hôpital Cochin, AP-HP and INSERM, Équipe ECAMO, CRESS (Centre of Research in Epidemiology and Statistics), UMR 1153, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France.
¹⁴ Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.
¹⁵ Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Attikon University Hospital, National Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece.
¹⁶ Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology Unit, ASST Spedali Civili of Brescia and Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.
¹⁷ Academic Rheumatology Centre, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.
¹⁸ Schroeder Arthritis Institute, Krembil Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Toronto Lupus Clinic, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.
¹⁹ Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Türkiye.
²⁰ Rheumatology Department, ULS Coimbra, Coimbra University Hospital, Coimbra, Portugal.
²¹ The Department for Ageing Rheumatology and Regenerative Medicine, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UK.
²² Department of Allergy and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
²³ Rheumatology Department, ULS Santa Maria, Hospital de Santa Maria, CAML, Lisbon, Portugal.
²⁴ Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.
²⁵ Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
²⁶ Monash Health and Department of Rheumatology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.
²⁷ Hospital Docente Padre Billini, Rheumatology Service Reumatología e Investigación Clínica (RIC), Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic.
²⁸ School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia; Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Referral Centre for SLE and Related Disorders, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.
²⁹ Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
³⁰ Rheumatology Unit, AOU Cagliari, Department of Medical Science and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy.
³¹ Regional Center for Autoimmune and Rheumatic Diseases (CREAR), Rosario, Argentina.
³² IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Unit of Immunology, Rheumatology, Allergy and Rare Diseases and Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.
³³ Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
³⁴ Department of Rheumatology, Centre de Référence des Maladies Auto-immunes Systémiques Rares RESO, Hôpital Pellegrin, and University Bordeaux, CNRS, ImmunoConcEpT, UMR 5164, Bordeaux, France.
³⁵ University Center of Excellence on Nephrologic, Rheumatologic and Rare Diseases (ERK-Net, ERN-Reconnect and RITA-ERN Member) with Nephrology and Dialysis Unit and Center of Immuno-Rheumatology and Rare Diseases (CMID), Coordinating Center of the Interregional Network for Rare Diseases of Piedmont and Aosta Valley, San Giovanni Bosco Hub Hospital and Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.
³⁶ Reference Center in Osteoporosis and Rheumatology Pontificia Javeriana University, Cali, Colombia.
³⁷ Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
³⁸ National Institute for Health and Care Research Leeds Biomedical Research Centre, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
³⁹ Department of Rheumatology and Medical Science, Rheumatology Clinic, ASST-G.Pini-CTO, Milan, Italy.
⁴⁰ Schroeder Arthritis Institute, Krembil Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
⁴¹ Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.

PMID: 40418946
DOI: 10.1016/S2665-9913(25)00063-3

Review

ERN ReCONNET-SLICC-SLEuro expert consensus on the therapeutic management of rare systemic lupus erythematosus manifestations

Laurent Arnaud et al. Lancet Rheumatol. 2025 Jul.

. 2025 Jul;7(7):e505-e518.

doi: 10.1016/S2665-9913(25)00063-3. Epub 2025 May 23.

Authors

Collaborators

European Lupus Society rare systemic lupus erythematosus taskforce member panel:
Cristiano Alessandri, Anca D Askanase, George Bertsias, Riccardo Bixio, Ashira D Blazer, Barbara C Böckle, Francesca Bottazzi, Hermine I Brunner, Inita Bulina, Irene E M Bultink, Gamal Chehab, Maria Sole Chimenti, Fabrizio Conti, Laura Damian, Jacqueline S Dekkers, Dzifa Dey, Thomas Dörner, Alí Duarte-García, Elena Elefante, Raquel Faria, Francesca Na Faustini, Paul R Fortin, Franco Franceschini, Philipp Gauckler, Sara Guerreiro Castro, Iva Gunnarsson, Ihsane Hmamouchi, Alberta Hoi, Andreas Jönsen, Kenneth Kalunian, Sylvia Kamphuis, Anne-Sophie Korganow, S Sam Lim, Maarten Limper, Lucia Manfredi, Susan Manzi, António Marinho, Thierry Martin, Sandra Meisalu, Luca Moroni, Marzena Olesinska, Giovanni Orsolini, George Omondi Oyoo, Cristina Pamfil, José M Pego-Reigosa, Guillermo Javier Pons-Estel, Anisur Rahman, Simona Rednic, Jorge Sanchez-Guerrero, Davide Schilirò, Raphaele Seror, Elisabet Svenungsson, Farah Tamirou, Dana Tegzová, Maria G Tektonidou, Massimo Triggiani, Simona Truglia, Michel W P Tsang-A-Sjoe, Manuel F Ugarte-Gil, Carlos Vasconcelos, Evelyne Vinet, Alexandre E Voskuyl, Jakub Závada, Julija Zepa

Affiliations

¹ Department of Rheumatology, National Reference Center for Autoimmune Diseases (RESO), INSERM UMR-S 1109, Strasbourg, France. Electronic address: laurent.arnaud@chru-strasbourg.fr.
² Biobizkaia Health Research Institute, University of the Basque Country, Barakaldo, Spain.
³ Department of Medicine and of Molecular Medicine at the Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Hofstra School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
⁴ Department of rheumatology, Centre for Health Outcomes Research and Division of Clinical Epidemiology at the Research Institute of the MUHC, Montreal, QC, Canada.
⁵ Division of Rheumatology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
⁶ Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine Lagos State University Teaching Hospital, Lagos, Nigeria.
⁷ Department of Rheumatology, Hanyang University Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, Hanyang University Institute for Rheumatology Research and Hanyang Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Seoul, South Korea.
⁸ Referral Center for Systemic Autoimmune Diseases Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico di Milano, Milan, Italy.
⁹ Rheumatology Division, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
¹⁰ Department of Rheumatology, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
¹¹ Sorbonne Université, Faculté de médecine, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Service de Dermatologie et Allergologie, Hôpital Tenon, and CIMI, INSERM U1135 Paris, France.
¹² Division of Rheumatology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
¹³ Service de Médecine Interne, Centre de Référence des Maladies Auto-immunes et Auto-inflammatoires Systémiques Rares d'Ile-de-France, de l'Est et de l'Ouest, Hôpital Cochin, AP-HP and INSERM, Équipe ECAMO, CRESS (Centre of Research in Epidemiology and Statistics), UMR 1153, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France.
¹⁴ Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.
¹⁵ Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Attikon University Hospital, National Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece.
¹⁶ Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology Unit, ASST Spedali Civili of Brescia and Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.
¹⁷ Academic Rheumatology Centre, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.
¹⁸ Schroeder Arthritis Institute, Krembil Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Toronto Lupus Clinic, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.
¹⁹ Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Türkiye.
²⁰ Rheumatology Department, ULS Coimbra, Coimbra University Hospital, Coimbra, Portugal.
²¹ The Department for Ageing Rheumatology and Regenerative Medicine, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UK.
²² Department of Allergy and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
²³ Rheumatology Department, ULS Santa Maria, Hospital de Santa Maria, CAML, Lisbon, Portugal.
²⁴ Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.
²⁵ Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
²⁶ Monash Health and Department of Rheumatology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.
²⁷ Hospital Docente Padre Billini, Rheumatology Service Reumatología e Investigación Clínica (RIC), Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic.
²⁸ School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia; Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Referral Centre for SLE and Related Disorders, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.
²⁹ Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
³⁰ Rheumatology Unit, AOU Cagliari, Department of Medical Science and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy.
³¹ Regional Center for Autoimmune and Rheumatic Diseases (CREAR), Rosario, Argentina.
³² IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Unit of Immunology, Rheumatology, Allergy and Rare Diseases and Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.
³³ Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
³⁴ Department of Rheumatology, Centre de Référence des Maladies Auto-immunes Systémiques Rares RESO, Hôpital Pellegrin, and University Bordeaux, CNRS, ImmunoConcEpT, UMR 5164, Bordeaux, France.
³⁵ University Center of Excellence on Nephrologic, Rheumatologic and Rare Diseases (ERK-Net, ERN-Reconnect and RITA-ERN Member) with Nephrology and Dialysis Unit and Center of Immuno-Rheumatology and Rare Diseases (CMID), Coordinating Center of the Interregional Network for Rare Diseases of Piedmont and Aosta Valley, San Giovanni Bosco Hub Hospital and Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.
³⁶ Reference Center in Osteoporosis and Rheumatology Pontificia Javeriana University, Cali, Colombia.
³⁷ Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
³⁸ National Institute for Health and Care Research Leeds Biomedical Research Centre, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
³⁹ Department of Rheumatology and Medical Science, Rheumatology Clinic, ASST-G.Pini-CTO, Milan, Italy.
⁴⁰ Schroeder Arthritis Institute, Krembil Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
⁴¹ Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.

PMID: 40418946
DOI: 10.1016/S2665-9913(25)00063-3

Abstract

Existing guidelines for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) predominantly focus on common and major organ involvements. An international taskforce involving experts from three SLE expert groups (ie, the European Reference Network on Rare and Complex Connective Tissue and Musculoskeletal Diseases, the Systemic Lupus Erythematosus International Collaborating Clinics group, and the European Lupus Society) was established. A total of 119 participants contributed to the development of consensus therapeutic strategies for 24 rare SLE manifestations, using a multistep process. For SLE enteritis and pancreatitis, experts recommended hydroxychloroquine, glucocorticoids, and cyclophosphamide or mycophenolate mofetil. Rare lung conditions such as pneumonitis were also managed with cyclophosphamide if severe or with mycophenolate mofetil if not severe. SLE for myocarditis with hydroxychloroquine, glucocorticoids, and cyclophosphamide or mycophenolate mofetil, are recommended based on severity. For CNS manifestations, hydroxychloroquine, glucocorticoids, and cyclophosphamide or mycophenolate mofetil were common choices for treatment. For rare skin manifestations, the preferred strategy was a combination of hydroxychloroquine and glucocorticoids with anifrolumab or mycophenolate mofetil. This expert-based consensus provides a valuable framework for guiding therapeutic decisions where the available recommendations might be insufficient or inapplicable.

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Conflict of interest statement

Declaration of interests CA received consultant fees from Bristol Myers Squibb, Kezar, Merck, GSK, and Synthekine. LA received consultant fees from AbbVie, AstraZeneca, Alpine, Biogen, Bristol Myers Squibb, Boehringer-Ingelheim, Chugaï, GSK, Grifols, Janssen, Kezar, LFB, Lilly, Medac, Merck, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche, and UCB. RC received consultant or advisor fees from AstraZeneca, Celgene, GSK, Janssen, Lilly, Pfizer, UCB, Rubió, Werfen, Alpine, and Thermo-Fisher. FC received grant or research support from AstraZeneca, Bristol Myers Squibb, and GSK; participated in an advisory board related to sytemic lupus erthematosous for AstraZeneca, GSK, Celgene, Merck, Horizon Therapeutics, and Principabio, and received speaker fees and honoraria from AstraZeneca, GSK, and Bristol Myers Squibb related to sytemic lupus erthematosous. AEC received consultant fees from AstraZeneca, Bristol Myers Squibb, GSK, Otsuka, and Roche; and holds the Arthritis Society Chair in Rheumatic Diseases. NC-C received consultant fees from Bristol Myers Squibb. MD'E received consultant fees from AstraZeneca, GSK, Aurinia, Lilly, and Genentech; and is a data monitoring committee member for Janssen, Cabaletta, and Novartis. AD received speaker fees from GSK, AstraZeneca, Otsuka, and Bristol Myers Squibb. GE received consultant fees from Janssen, Celgene, GSK, Otsuka, Gebro, Boehringer-Ingelheim, Laboratorios Rubió, Rovi Pharmaceutical Laboratories, and Laboratorios Esteve. AF received honoraria or consulting fees from Lilly, Boehringer-Ingelheim, Novartis, AbbVie, AstraZeneca, GSK, Merck Sharp Dhome, Pfizer, UCB, Amgen, and Aenorasis; and support for attending meetings from UCB. MF received consultant fees for GSK, AstraZeneca, and Novartis. MGa received fees from GSK and AstraZeneca. JAG-P reports honoraria for lectures, educational events, and support for attending meetings from AbbVie, AstraZeneca, Boehringer-Ingelheim, GSK, Galápagos, Janssen, Lilly and Otsuka, outside the submitted work. LSI received consultant fees from AstraZeneca and GSK. DI received consultancy fees from AstraZeneca, GSK, Merck Serono, Vera Therapeutics, UCB, Servier, Lilly, and Novartis; and his honoraria are passed onto a local arthritis charity. NK received consultant fees from AbbVie, AstraZeneca, GSK, and Novartis. OAM received consulting fees from AbbVie, AstraZeneca, Celltrion, GSK, and Janssen; and payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureau, manuscript writing, or educational events from AbbVie, AstraZeneca, Celltrion, GSK, Janssen, and UCB. EFM received research funding or consulting fees from AbbVie, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Biogen, Bristol Myers Squibb, Dragonfly, Lilly, EMD Serono, Galapagos, Genentech, GSK, Janssen, Novartis, Remegen, Takeda, and UCB. MM received consultant or speaker fees from AstraZeneca, GSK, AbbVie, Alpine, Biogen, Bristol Myers Squibb, Lilly, UCB, Otsuka, and Idorsia. IP received speakers fees from AbbVie, AstraZeneca, Boehringer-Ingelheim, Lilly, Novartis, and Pfizer. MPi received lecture and consultancy fees from AstraZeneca, GSK, Otsuka, and Roche. BAP-E received consultant fees from Alpine, AstraZeneca, GSK, Janssen, and Werfen. GAR received honoraria for advisory boards or invited talks from Amgen, AstraZeneca, GSK, and Vifor. RR-G received consultant fees from Biogen, Bristol Myers Squibb, Cabaletta, Exagen Diagnostics, and Ampel Solutions. CR received consultant fees from AbbVie, AstraZeneca, Biogen, Bristol Myers Squibb, GSK, Lilly, Novartis, and Pfizer. CET-G received speaker fees from AbbVie, Bristol Myers Squibb, AstraZeneca, Boehringer-Ingelheim, Janssen, Novartis, Pharmalab, Pfizer, Roche, and UCB. RFVV received institutional research support from Bristol Myers Squibb; support for educational programmes from Alfasigma, AstraZeneca, Galapagos, Merck Sharp Dhome, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche, Sanofi, and UCB; and consultancy or speaker fees from AbbVie, AstraZeneca, Biogen, Bristol Myers Squibb, Galapagos, GSK, Janssen, Pfizer, RemeGen, and UCB. EMV received consultant fees from AbbVie, Alpine, AstraZeneca, Aurinia, Bristol Myers Squibb, Pfizer, Merck, Roche, Novartis, UCB, and Otsuka. S-CB received funding from the Basic Science Research Program via the National Research Foundation of Korea funded by the Ministry of Education (NRF-2021R1A6A1A03038899). EB received a researcher support grant from Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (#305242/2019–9). GR-I was supported by the Department of Education of the Basque Government (research grant IT 1512-22). ZT is supported by the Department of Medicine, University of Toronto and holds the Dr Murray B Urowitz Chair in Lupus Research at the University Health Network. OA, LB, DDG, MI, SI, AL, CM, RM-L, MPe, SS, MGe, SB, and CT declare no competing interests.

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ERN ReCONNET-SLICC-SLEuro expert consensus on the therapeutic management of rare systemic lupus erythematosus manifestations

Collaborators

Affiliations

ERN ReCONNET-SLICC-SLEuro expert consensus on the therapeutic management of rare systemic lupus erythematosus manifestations

Authors

Collaborators

Affiliations

Abstract

Conflict of interest statement

Publication types

MeSH terms

Substances

Grants and funding

LinkOut - more resources

Full Text Sources

Medical