Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2025 May 26;25(1):759.
doi: 10.1186/s12879-025-11155-3.

Environmental monitoring and spatiotemporal trend analysis of avian influenza virus in Xinjiang, 2021-2023

Zhe Yin  1 , Fuerhati Wushouer  1 , Jia Huang  1 , Yan Dong  1 , Qi Wang  1 , Xiapikatijiang Aihaiti  1 , Xiayidanmu Abudusaimaiti  1 , Yuanyuan Ma  1 , Zihan Chen  1 , Ruiying Qiu  1 , Quanxi Li  1 , Zhenguo Gao  2
Affiliations

Environmental monitoring and spatiotemporal trend analysis of avian influenza virus in Xinjiang, 2021-2023

Zhe Yin et al. BMC Infect Dis. .

Abstract

Background: Avian influenza, a significant threat to public health, requires monitoring for the development of control strategies. This study aims to analyze the spatiotemporal distribution of avian influenza virus in the external environment of Xinjiang from 2021 to 2023, to enhance understanding of its transmission patterns and provide a scientific basis for public health response measures.

Methods: A total of 3913 avian-related environmental samples were collected from nine monitoring areas in Xinjiang. Sample types included poultry drinking water, meat cutting boards, cage surfaces, feces, and wastewater. Real-time RT-PCR was used to detect nucleic acid for H5, H7, and H9 subtypes. Data were statistically analyzed using Excel and SPSS, and spatial distribution was visualized through Kriging interpolation using ArcGIS.

Results: Among the collected samples, 810 tested positive, with an overall positivity rate of 20.70%. The H9 subtype was predominant, accounting for 85.43% of positive samples. Significant differences in detection rates were observed across different years, regions, sample types, and monitoring sites. Temporally, the positive rate showed an upward trend from 2021 to 2023, with higher positive rates in January and July. Geographically, Aksu, Turpan, and Ili were identified as high-risk areas. Urban and rural live poultry markets had the highest positivity rate (24.31%), and poultry drinking water, cage surfaces, and cleaning wastewater samples showed relatively high detection rates. Kriging analysis revealed several high-risk zones for virus presence.

Conclusion: This study provides crucial information for understanding the epidemiological characteristics of avian influenza virus in the external environment of Xinjiang. The H9 subtype was found to be predominant, with notable seasonal and regional variations. Live poultry markets were identified as key risk sites. These findings underscore the need for continuous surveillance and offer theoretical support for developing targeted prevention and control strategies. However, the limited scope of monitoring suggests that broader and longer-term studies are needed to better understand subtype interactions and epidemic risks.

Keywords: Avian influenza; GIS; Spatiotemporal analysis.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

Declarations. Ethics approval and consent to participate: This study involved only non-human environmental samples and did not include human participants, data, or tissues. According to the guidelines of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Center for Disease Control and Prevention and national regulations in China, ethical approval was not required. The study adhered to the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Informed consent was not applicable. Consent for publication: Not applicable. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Positive samples for testing of avian influenza viruses in the external environment by month in Xinjiang, 2021-2023
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Spatial thematic map and Kriging interpolated map of positive test rates for avian influenza viruses in the external environment in Xinjiang
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Similar articles

See all similar articles

References

    1. Wade D, Ashton-Butt A, Scott G, Reid SM, Coward V, Hansen RDE, Banyard AC, Ward AI. High pathogenicity avian influenza: targeted active surveillance of wild birds to enable early detection of emerging disease threats. Epidemiol Infect. 2022;151:e15. 10.1017/S0950268822001856. PMID: 36502812; PMCID: PMC9990394. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Uwishema O, et al. Bird flu outbreak amidst COVID-19 pandemic in South Africa: efforts and challenges at hand. J Med Virol. 2021;93(10):5676–9. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Hunter P. Europe’s worst ever bird flu outbreak: thus year’s epidemic of highly pathogenic avian flu has had a devastating impact on wild and domestic birds and severe economic consequences. EMBO Rep. 2022;23(10):e56048. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Blagodatski A, et al. Avian influenza in wild birds and poultry: dissemination pathways, monitoring methods, and virus ecology. Pathogens. 2021;10(5):630. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Mahase E. H5N1: do we need to worry about the latest bird flu outbreaks? BMJ Br Med J (Online). 2023;380:401. - PubMed

LinkOut - more resources