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. 2025 May 14;13(5):150.
doi: 10.3390/diseases13050150.

Risk of Insulin Resistance: Comparison of the Commerce vs. Industry Sector and Associated Variables

María Pilar Fernández-Figares Vicioso  1 , Pere Riutord Sbert  2 , Ángel Arturo López-González  1   2 , José Ignacio Ramírez-Manent  2   3   4 , José Luis Del Barrio Fernández  5 , María Teófila Vicente Herrero  1   2
Affiliations

Risk of Insulin Resistance: Comparison of the Commerce vs. Industry Sector and Associated Variables

María Pilar Fernández-Figares Vicioso et al. Diseases. .

Abstract

Background: Insulin resistance (IR) is a key metabolic alteration that precedes type 2 diabetes and is closely linked to obesity and lifestyle factors. Occupational context may influence IR risk through variations in physical activity, diet, and socioeconomic determinants.

Objective: To compare the risk of insulin resistance between workers in the commerce and industry sectors and identify associated sociodemographic and lifestyle factors, in order to improve their occupational health.

Methods: This cross-sectional study analyzed data from 56,856 Spanish workers, assessing four IR-related indices: Triglyceride-Glucose Index (TyG), TyG-BMI (Triglyceride-Glucose Body Mass Index), Metabolic Score for Insulin Resistance (METS-IR), and the Single-Point Insulin Sensitivity Estimator (SPISE-IR). The analysis was stratified by sex and sector (commerce vs. industry) and included assessments of age, education level, physical activity, adherence to the Mediterranean diet, and smoking status. Multinomial logistic regressions were performed to determine the factors associated with high IR scores.

Results: Across all IR indicators, industry workers-particularly men-presented higher mean values and greater prevalence of high-risk scores compared to those in commerce. Women showed lower values overall but also reflected sector-based differences. In both sexes, non-physical activity, non-adherence to the Mediterranean diet, and smoking were consistently associated with higher IR risk. Males exhibited significantly higher odds of elevated TyG (OR = 2.59, 95% CI: 2.41-2.78), while physical inactivity and poor diet emerged as the most powerful modifiable predictors across all scales (e.g., OR = 10.45 for TyG, OR = 12.33 for TyG-BMI). Industry sector was independently associated with higher odds of insulin resistance compared to commerce.

Conclusions: Insulin resistance is more prevalent among industrial workers, especially men and those with unhealthy lifestyles. Occupational health strategies should target sector-specific risk profiles, emphasizing physical activity and dietary interventions.

Keywords: Mediterranean diet; insulin resistance; occupational health; physical activity; sociodemographic variables.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that they have no competing interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
PRISMA diagram illustrating the participant selection process for this study.
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